Shadowing Practice: The Habits That Keep Your Brain Sharp | Dr. Sanjay Gupta - World Governments Summit - Learn English Speaking with Video
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The brain can not only stay healthy throughout your entire life, but also continue to improve.
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He is Dr. Sanjay Gupta, American neurosurgeon and the chief medical correspondent for CNN.
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And there's now a way that we realize and appreciate that within our skulls is an entire universe.
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As our imaging grew more sophisticated, we started to see what the healthy brain really does look like.
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and it's we talk a lot about the health of our bodies
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but not as much about our brains
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and i think for a lot of people there's this belief
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that the brain is something that's not capable of really being optimized
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or maintained i've been a neurosurgeon for some 25 years now
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and i think a lot of people think about the brain
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sort of as a black box you measure a black box by its inputs and its outputs,
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but you don't really get to see the inner workings of the brain.
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And I think that's why people have thought for a long time that it's immutable.
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It's incapable of being changed in some way.
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The brain is static and it's fixed.
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And one of the things I really wanted to convey to all of you today is that that's not the case.
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Perhaps more than any other organ in the body, the brain can not only stay healthy throughout your entire life,
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but also continue to improve.
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Over the last quarter century, we learned something that was pretty revelatory in the world of neuroscience.
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We learned that you could continue to grow new brain cells at any age.
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The conventional wisdom, even what I learned when I was studying neuroscience a quarter century ago,
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was you got a certain number of neurons and that was basically what you got.
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You drained the cash over the years of your life.
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But that's not the case.
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We believe that in part because the only time we really inspected the black box was when there was a problem, when there was a tumor or trauma.
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We did not get to see the brain in sort of its healthy state.
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We did not get to understand how the brain behaved most of the time.
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As our imaging grew more sophisticated, we started to see what the healthy brain really does look like.
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And it's stunning.
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Inside your skulls right now, your brain is pulsing.
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It's robust.
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It's changing.
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And it's growing.
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And there's now a way that we realize and appreciate that within our skulls is an entire universe.
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There are more neurons in your brain than there are stars in the sky.
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I spent a lot of time talking to scientists who worked on this research and I asked them, how do they fundamentally live their lives now differently because of what they've learned?
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And the way
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that I sort of broke this down is into the big buckets of how we live our lives through movement,
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through nourishment, through rest, through connection, and through discovery.
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I think movement is the most reliable way to grow new brain cells.
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The more you move, the more you are sending signals essentially to your entire body that you want to be here, that you want to be healthy.
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But most remarkably, you're sending a signal for the brain to create a substance known as BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
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You don't need to remember that, but think of that as sort of the miracle grow for the brain, as one scientist put it to me.
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It's the substance that is actually promoting that neurogenesis, telling new brain cells to grow.
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You cannot ingest it.
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You cannot eat it.
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It can only be made by your own body.
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The brain is very sensitive to glucose.
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So as your blood glucose starts to really rise, the receptors in the brain, instead of absorbing all that energy, they turn off.
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They simply stop absorbing any energy.
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So at the same time, you're eating a really, really calorie-dense meal full of a lot of sugar.
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You could be overstuffing your body and starving your brain at the same time.
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That's a difference between the brain and the rest of the body.
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Hydration, critically important for all functions hydration is one of the substrates that is necessary for BDNF,
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but one needs to keep in mind that the brain itself is 85% water.
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What that means is just 1% dehydration can lead to a 5% decrease in cognitive function.
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1%.
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I mean, I think this is one of the most under-recognized things that we talk about with regard to cognition overall.
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A 2% decrease in hydration can result in acute short-term memory loss, objective problems with mathematical computations,
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and an inability to store long-term memories.
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Just 2%.
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So sugar and water, so critical when it comes to brain health for those reasons.
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Sleep, rest, again, we know is important.
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But for the brain, sleep is not a period of inactivity.
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In fact, it's one of the most metabolically active times for the brain.
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And we know that your brain is constantly creating waste products and those waste products are constantly being cleared,
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but it is during sleep when that waste clearance is most efficient.
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Sleep is really important for clearing away some of the substrates that may be the precursors to things like amyloid plaque,
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which is associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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We also know that sleep is when you actually take your short-term memories
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and you actually put them into a long-term memory store.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “The Habits That Keep Your Brain Sharp”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: brain, healthy, sleep, entire, learned. Deze video bevat 70 zinnen en 922 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 5:34. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 166 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. 85% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| hydration zelfstandig naamwoord | /haɪˈdɹeɪʃən/ | hydratatie |
| skull zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈskʌl/ | schedel, doodshoofd |
| neuron zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/ | neuron, zenuwcel |
| neuroscience zelfstandig naamwoord | neurowetenschap | |
| neurosurgeon zelfstandig naamwoord | neurochirurg | |
| glucose zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɡluː.kəʊz/ | glucose, druivensuiker |
| absorb werkwoord | /æbˈsɔɹb/ | absorberen, (in zich) opnemen |
| sophisticated bijvoeglijk naamwoord | wereldwijs | |
| computation zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌkɑmpjʊˈteɪʃn̩/ | berekening |
| dehydration zelfstandig naamwoord | /dihaɪˈdɹeɪʃən/ | uitdroging |
| immutable bijvoeglijk naamwoord | onveranderlijk | |
| inactivity zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌɪn.ækˈtɪ.vɪ.ti/ | inactiviteit |
| optimize werkwoord | /ˈɑptɪmaɪz/ | optimistisch zijn/handelen |
| precursor zelfstandig naamwoord | /pɹɪˈkɜː.sə/ | precursor, voorloper |
| derive werkwoord | /dɪˈɹaɪv/ | afleiden |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| turn off werkwoord | uitzetten, uitschakelen |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | being optimized · being changed · be made |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | i've been · have thought · they've learned |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 6 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals don't, you're, I've. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: hydration /haɪˈdɹeɪʃən/, cognition /kɑɡˈnɪʃ.ən/, computation /ˌkɑmpjʊˈteɪʃn̩/, dehydration /dihaɪˈdɹeɪʃən/, nourishment /ˈnɝɪʃmənt/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: dehydration /dihaɪˈdɹeɪʃən/, inactivity /ˌɪn.ækˈtɪ.vɪ.ti/, revelatory [ˈɹɛvələtoɹi], remarkably /ɹɪˈmɑɹkəbli/, correspondent /ˌkɔɹ.ɪˈspɑn.dənt/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: glucose /ˈɡluː.kəʊz/, absorb /æbˈsɔɹb/, amyloid /ˈæmɪlɔɪd/, optimize /ˈɑptɪmaɪz/, derive /dɪˈɹaɪv/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: absorb /æbˈsɔɹb/, amyloid /ˈæmɪlɔɪd/, inactivity /ˌɪn.ækˈtɪ.vɪ.ti/, calorie /ˈkæləɹi/, plaque /plæk/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: glucose /ˈɡluː.kəʊz/, cognition /kɑɡˈnɪʃ.ən/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als hydration, skull, neuron.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.