Shadowing Practice: What Is Myth? Crash Course World Mythology #1 - Learn English Speaking with Video
Kies een oefenmodus
Elke modus opent een volledig scherm oefenruimte.
178 zinnen
Als zinnen te kort of te lang zijn, klik op Bewerken om ze aan te passen.
1
Hello, my name is Mike Rugnetta and this is Crash Course Mythology.
2
Mythology is a complicated subject.
3
It touches on literature, history, anthropology, sociology, psychology, religion, and even science.
4
Have you ever tried to make a Slurpee mixing all of the flavors together?
5
Mythology is exactly like that, but it's a Slurpee of knowledge with no brain freeze and a lot to learn.
6
So maybe actually a tiny brain freeze, but a different kind of brain freeze.
7
What I'm trying to say is that don't be surprised
8
if some of what you hear during the next 40 or
9
so episodes Echoes some of the things you may have heard in other crash courses
10
And don't worry
11
if what you hear in one episode reminds you of what you've heard in another we do that on purpose and
12
Usually we know what we're doing right tote ancient Egyptian god
13
of knowledge with an awesome ibis head Right ibis headed gods like birdseed.
14
We have so much to learn ahead
15
There are a couple of reasons mythology is a more difficult subject than some of the others we've tackled.
16
One is that many myths are very, very old and often exist in many versions.
17
So just keep that in mind when we discuss a particular myth during the series.
18
If you've heard the myth in a different form, it doesn't mean that we've gotten it wrong, though that is always possible.
19
Just ask Ate, the Greek goddess of folly.
20
It just may be that we're working from a different version of the myth.
21
We'll try to put references to the versions that we're using in the show notes.
22
Sometimes we'll even be presenting composites of a number of different tellings of these myths.
23
Another difficulty with mythology is that it's open to so many interpretations.
24
Are myths records of historical facts, deliberate fictions, ways of understanding otherwise incomprehensible events, misunderstandings?
25
We are not in a position to say.
26
It's the kind of thing that scholars spend their entire lives arguing about.
27
Along with the myths, we're going to present possible interpretations, but let's be clear, these are interpretations,
28
not facts in the sense that their meanings can be confirmed by a weight of evidence.
29
Mythology has been argued about and theorized for over a hundred years, and many myths can be read and understood in a number of ways.
30
When presenting interpretations, we're going to let you know that we're doing that, so that you don't think that we're presenting an interpretation as a fact,
31
because that will get us into arguments and we would love to avoid those.
32
This is also probably a good time to point out that in many instances the line between myth and religion is blurry.
33
And as we're going to explain in a minute, we're working with a definition of myth that focuses on story rather than truth.
34
When one views myths primarily as stories or as literary artifacts,
35
it allows you to enjoy them and think about them apart from their value as structures of religious belief.
36
So when we recount stories from the Bible as myths, we're not definitively saying that they're either true or untrue,
37
just that they're stories that people have used in a variety of ways over time.
38
A third problem in discussing myth is that most myths don't have nameable authors, or even when they do,
39
like Homer or Virgil, it turns out these guys were really just recasting older stories into new language.
40
Most of the time, we don't know who originated myths or how or why, but luckily for our purposes here, that actually doesn't matter much.
41
But the last problem we have to talk about does matter, and that's the difficulty of finding a good working definition for the word myth.
42
This is tricky, especially given the way we use the word in contemporary English.
43
Much of the time when we say something is a myth, what we mean is that it's not true.
44
For example, the idea that you swallow eight spiders a year while you're sleeping.
45
That's not true.
46
It's a myth.
47
Not sure if this applies to Australians, though?
48
I would wager that you guys swallow at least eight spiders a year.
49
Everything I know about Australia I learned from the internet.
50
Because we use the term myth to mean something that isn't true, we can come away with a definition of myth as a story that is false and not to be taken seriously.
51
But myths have been taken seriously.
52
By scholars, sure, but more importantly by generations
53
and generations of people who've heard these stories and found in them something worth telling again.
54
Which is not to say people don't question their myths.
55
Philosophers were writing about the absurdity of Greek myths as far back as the 6th century BCE, probably even earlier.
56
So if a myth isn't just a story that someone made up, or a word that we use to label something as false, then what is it?
57
Myth comes from the Greek word mythos, which means word or more significantly story That doesn't mean every myth
58
or even the most important ones are Greek
59
But those will probably be the ones most familiar to our viewers in America
60
and Europe At least until the new Rick Reardon series gets going
61
and honestly if goddesses of love Aphrodite
62
and Freya ever got into an arm wrestling Competition Aphrodite would totally dominate
63
because Freya cries gold in tears and Aphrodite kills people boom Sorry, I got sidetracked by Greek myths That's gonna happen a lot.
64
Just ask Hermes, Greek god of Rhodes.
65
So, we're gonna start by saying that a myth is a story.
66
But it's a special kind of story that, for the purposes of this series, has two primary characteristics.
67
Significance and staying power.
68
This means that the subject matter is about something important.
69
Something about how the world works, or how the world itself got going.
70
How things came to be.
71
And then there's staying power.
72
These are stories that have survived centuries.
73
Sometimes millennia, and this is a testament to the deep meaning
74
or functional importance of these stories to the people who hear and tell them.
75
Now, if I know Crash Course fans, there are probably some people right now saying,
76
Mike, it sounds like you might lump in folk tales and maybe even fairy tales with your myths.
77
I'm not gonna lie.
78
There may be a folk tale that creeps in from time to time, but we're gonna steer clear of fairy tales for the most part.
79
For die-hard folklorists, and yes, that is a thing, proper myths only deal with the creation of the world,
80
or maybe the universe, and thus all real myths are religious, or quasi-religious.
81
Mythology theorists who come at myths from a religious studies angle tend to say
82
that the main characters of myths must be gods.
83
But this leaves out hero stories, which I think are pretty important, and also those are the ones with the sea monsters, so we're gonna include those too.
84
There are also those myths that don't feature any supernatural elements at all.
85
What Professor Robert Siegel calls beliefs or credos.
86
Most Americans will be familiar with the rags-to-riches story of the American dream.
87
Those stories are myths not because they aren't true
88
Sometimes poor people do become rich and successful in spite of tough upbringings
89
and largely because of grit and hard work They're myths not because they have religious significance
90
They're mythic because of their staying power and the tenacity with which proponents of the myth take them to be true.
91
Because these types of stories fit into our broad definition of a significant story where personalities are the lead characters, we will be talking about them,
92
but only in a later episode.
93
At this point it might be a good idea to give
94
an example of the kind of stories we'll be talking about in this series.
95
And to do so, I'm gonna go to Greece.
96
Yay!
97
Greece!
98
Wine dark seas, delicious olives, beautiful ruins, anti-austerity protests, and the setting for the story of Persephone.
99
Take us there, Thought Bubble.
100
Persephone was the daughter of the harvest goddess Demeter and supreme god Zeus, who were brother and sister.
101
We'll get into all that weird incest stuff later.
102
And her original name was Corae, which can be translated as girl.
103
One day Corae was out picking flowers when she caught the eye of Zeus's brother Hades, who rode up from the underworld,
104
also confusingly called Hades, and kidnapped her to make her his wife.
105
And also probably raped her, but again we're gonna save the deeply uncomfortable sexual content for another episode.
106
Except for this brief mention right here.
107
Sorry.
108
Coray was understandably upset.
109
Demeter was full-on enraged and threatened to make all mankind starve.
110
So finally Zeus had to go and ask his brother to give Coray back.
111
In some versions of this myth, this was a problem for Zeus, because he had promised Coray to his brother as a wife, without telling Demeter first.
112
Hades was not a dumb guy, and before he let Coray go, he offered her a snack.
113
Coray had been warned to never eat anything in the underworld, but she must have been extremely hungry by then.
114
And really, I mean, how much harm could six honey sweet pomegranate seeds really do?
115
Well, turns out, a lot.
116
In some versions, she eats them on purpose, because she actually liked her husband.
117
In others, she's tricked into it.
118
Either way, even six seeds matter.
119
Koray has to remain in the underworld for six months out of the year.
120
One month for each seed that she ate, and will spend the other six months on Olympus with her parents.
121
During the six months in Olympus, Demeter would allow the fruits and grains to flourish.
122
The rest of the time, Demeter would mourn Kore, who had renamed herself Persephone, and the ground would freeze and nothing would grow.
123
And that is why we have winter.
124
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
125
So, this is a story that is significant because of its explanatory power.
126
The fancy term for this is an etiological narrative, or origin story.
127
The Persephone myth explains the seasons, relating the cycle of planting and harvest to the actions of the immortals.
128
For some mythologists, like E.B.
129
Tyler, this story is an example of myth as primitive science.
130
Tyler and many other theorists drew a distinction between primitive people, who used myths to explain the world in which they lived,
131
and modern people, who use science for that purpose.
132
For Tyler, myth and science can't really be reconciled.
133
Science has taken the place of myth, so we don't need myths anymore.
134
This is a pretty hardcore theory, and since we like to view things complexly here at Crash Course, we're not going to subscribe to it, or any theory, wholeheartedly.
135
But we are going to introduce some of these theories to you, so that you can make up your own mind.
136
Right now we're not going to get too deep into the theory of myths, mythography, if you want to thrill your friends and impress people at parties,
137
because I want to tell you where the series is planning to go, to go, but also because there are a lot of theories to mythology, and I don't want to include too many of them in this introduction.
138
As long-time viewers know, it's easy to get lost in the weeds once we start talking about theory, which is part of the reason we love theory so much.
139
And it's one of the reasons we have eight Sanskrit deities who are guardians of the right direction.
140
This series isn't going to be comprehensive.
141
We can't present everything there is to know about thousand-year-old stories in 400-odd minutes of video.
142
But we are going to try to introduce you to some myths you might not know from places
143
that you might be less familiar with.
144
This approach is going to be comparative and thematic rather than geographic.
145
Here's what we're planning.
146
The first theme we'll be covering is the most difficult.
147
Creation myths.
148
Most cultures have some story of how the world and the people in it came to be.
149
We're gonna spend a few weeks working through them.
150
Be forewarned, creation myths are often mysterious.
151
The language can be tricky or obscure.
152
So expect a bit of confusion and a lot of interpretation.
153
Also some turtles for a significant distance in the downward direction.
154
It's turtles all the way down.
155
After we see how the world and sometimes the universe was created, we're gonna examine pantheons.
156
The groups of gods that feature in stories from different cultures and how they function in those cultures.
157
And then we're gonna take a look at how the universe was destroyed.
158
Looking at flood myths and the apocalypse.
159
Now, obviously this puts us in the realm of religion, and the potential for challenging people's belief systems is high.
160
Like we said earlier, we're going to try to focus on the stories
161
and leave questions of truth and belief up to you.
162
In the second half of the series, we'll come down from Olympus and Valhalla and all those various mountains, we're going to do about 10 episodes on heroes from all over the world,
163
which should be really fun, maybe even super.
164
See what I did there?
165
After Heroes, we're gonna talk about mythical places and creatures and objects like winged sandals, and we'll finish up with a few episodes on myths in the modern world,
166
which for viewers of Crash Course Psychology and Literature might sound a bit familiar.
167
So that is the broad outline of this series.
168
We're really excited to be bringing this to you, really hope you enjoy it.
169
Will it become the stuff of legend?
170
Just ask Baldur, Norse God of Joy.
171
We'll see you next week.
172
Crash Course Mythology is filmed in the Chad and Stacey Emigoltz studio in Indianapolis, Indiana, and is produced with the help of all these nice people.
173
Our animation team is Thought Cafe.
174
Crash Course exists thanks to the generous support of our patrons at Patreon.
175
Patreon is a voluntary subscription service where you can support the content you love through a monthly donation
176
and help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever.
177
Thanks for watching, and if you're ever in the underworld, don't eat anything!
178
Thank you.
App downloaden
Alles wat je nodig hebt om vloeiend te spreken
AI UitspraakScoor elke zin
IPA OefeningBeheers elk geluid
WoordenschatBouw je woordenschat op
WoordenspelLeren terwijl je speelt
Zelfde Kanaal
C11
Vectors and 2D Motion: Crash Course Physics #4
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
The Bicameral Congress: Crash Course Government and Politics #2
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
Crash Course US History Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
How Water Shapes the Land: Crash Course Geology #9
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B24
How Often do Asteroids Hit the Earth?: Crash Course Geology #20
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B210
Crash Course Sex Ed Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C13
The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government #1
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
The Periodic Table: Crash Course Chemistry #4
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B22
Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C11
Tissues, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #2
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
The Nucleus: Crash Course Chemistry #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
FOR YOU
Aanbevolen Video
C11
360 zinnen
Why Do So Many Myths Say “DON’T LOOK BACK”?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
303 zinnen
Ep. 01Genèse : premier ratage, ou comment dieu s'emmêle les pinceaux dans l'histoire de l'univers.
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C110
52 zinnen
Supernatural thinking: Your brain’s anti-anxiety mode | Clay Routledge
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
215 zinnen
This New Pyramid Theory Explains the Missing Evidence
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
375 zinnen
C1 ENGLISH LISTENING PRACTICE
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B2171 zinnen
A Short History of Fairy Tales
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C16
104 zinnen
How real are the real numbers, really?
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
6 zinnen
Why is Stephen Fry so passionate about the ancient Greeks?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
44 zinnen
4 Key Lessons from Women Who Run With The Wolves by Clarissa Pinkola Estés
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
28 zinnen
The Jesus paradox | Yuval Noah Harari
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “What Is Myth? Crash Course World Mythology”. Deze video bevat 178 zinnen en 2431 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 12:51. De spreker praat snel, ongeveer 189 woorden per minuut, dus reken op verbonden en ingeslikte klanken. Slechts 81% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| myth zelfstandig naamwoord | /mɪθ/ | mythe |
| mythology zelfstandig naamwoord | /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | mythologie |
| underworld zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈʌndɚˌwɚld/ | onderwereld, schimmenrijk |
| viewer zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈvju.ɚ/ | kijker, toeschouwer |
| goddess zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɡɑdəs/ | godin |
| ibis zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈaɪ.bɪs/ | ibis |
| theorist zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈθiːəɹəst/ | theoreticus |
| swallow werkwoord | /ˈswɑ.loʊ/ | slikken, doorslikken |
| turtle zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈtɝtl̩/ | schildpad |
| tricky bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈtɹɪk.i/ | netelig, netelige |
| scholar zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈskɑlɚ/ | geleerde |
| harvest zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈhɑɹ.vəst/ | oogst |
| artifact zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɑɹtɪfækt/ | artefact |
| austerity zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɔˈstɛɹɪti/ | bezuiniging |
| blurry bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈblɜːɹi/ | wazig |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| turn out werkwoord | uitvallen, resulteren |
| point out werkwoord | aanwijzen, aanduiden |
Zinnen om te herhalen
Korte, volledige zinnen uit de video die je in alledaagse gesprekken kunt gebruiken:
- We'll get into all that weird incest stuff later.
- We're gonna spend a few weeks working through them.
- See what I did there?
- We'll see you next week.
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | can be confirmed · has been argued · be taken |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | Have you ever tried · you've heard · we've tackled |
| Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding | mythos, which means · people who hear · Corae, which can |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 76 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals we're, gonna, don't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De “th”-klanken: myth /mɪθ/, mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, theorist /ˈθiːəɹəst/, mythic /ˈmɪθɪk/, mythical /ˈmɪθɪkəl/
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, donation /doʊˈneɪʃən/, subscription /səbˈskɹɪpʃən/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, absurdity /æbˈsɝd.ɪ.ti/, austerity /ɔˈstɛɹɪti/, definitively /dɪˈfɪnɪtɪvli/, etiological /ˌiːtɪəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: underworld /ˈʌndɚˌwɚld/, primitive /ˈpɹɪmɪtɪv/, birdseed /ˈbɝdˌsid/, enrage /ɪnˈɹeɪd͡ʒ/, theorize /ˈθɪɹ.aɪz/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: absurdity /æbˈsɝd.ɪ.ti/, artifact /ˈɑɹtɪfækt/, explanatory /ɪkˈsplæn.ə.t(ɔː.)ɹi/, kidnap /ˈkɪdnæp/, pantheon /ˈpænθiˌɑn/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: goddess /ˈɡɑdəs/, pomegranate /ˈpɑmɪˌɡɹænɪt/, geographic /d͡ʒiəˈɡɹæfɪk/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als myth, mythology, underworld.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.