Shadowing Practice: Most devs don't understand what agents are - Learn English Speaking with YouTube
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OpenAI just introduced AgentKit, a complete set of tools for developers and enterprises to build, deploy and optimize agents.
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OpenAI just introduced AgentKit, a complete set of tools for developers and enterprises to build, deploy and optimize agents.
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This is cool, fairly exciting announcement, developers can now design workflows visually, embed agentic UIs faster.
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Now I don't really care about this product, I'm not sure I'll end up using it really.
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But what I am kind of interested in is how they're talking about agents.
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Because if we look at this, this is not an agent to me.
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We have here a set of deterministic steps.
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We start, then we enter a jailbreak guardrail, which by the way just filters for malicious inputs I assume.
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Then we have another LLM call here which just routes the input to one of three separate agents.
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This to me is not an agent builder, this is a workflow.
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I thought we as a kind of AI engineering typescripty community had landed on some definitions for what agents were
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and what workflows were.
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But it turns out no we didn't because OpenAI seems to have a different definition from the one that we've been using.
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I want to talk through this debate so that you understand what agents are, what workflows are and why the distinction even matters.
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And the best place to start is with Anthropic's famous article building effective agents.
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This came out in December last year and it basically codified what an agent was and what a workflow was.
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This is how Anthropic defines an agent, it's essentially a loop.
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We'll talk more about what this loop is in a minute and what makes this agentic. But
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if we zoom up to a workflow example here we can see a very similar example to what OpenAI just put out.
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Instead of a loop here we have a directional flow, we have predetermined code paths.
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And this is what Anthropic calls a workflow.
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And it's kind of funny too that this famous article really talking about, you know, titled building effective agents actually talks through like six different kinds of workflows.
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Let's go to TLDraw where we've got a bit of dark mode where we can actually dive into some of these concepts.
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An agent is a loop where the LLM decides when to stop.
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That loop is essentially multiple LLM calls one after the other.
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Now if you call an LLM multiple times with the same information it's not going to do anything useful.
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And so to make this an agent you kind of need to give it new information each time.
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The way that works is the LLM calls tools.
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It basically says execute this piece of code for me and then tell me what happened when that piece of code ran.
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Just to dive into this for a minute it kind of looks like this.
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Let's imagine our system has access to a tool called write file where it can write files to the file system.
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The user can say to the agent, write a new file called gitignore.
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Then the assistant comes back with a message here saying, okay, call this tool with this content and this path.
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On our local machine then we execute the tool and we send the result back to the LLM.
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And so this flow becomes a loop where the LLM is gaining more information each time.
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This beautiful loop is what drives things like clawed code, coding agents, all the stuff that you're kind of used to using.
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The key thing then is that the agent then decides when it's had enough.
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So the agent can either continue to call tools or it can say stop.
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At which point it will emit a special token
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that just says stop and we can catch that in the frontend and no longer call the LLM again and again.
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Workflows are of course much easier to define.
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There's no loop here, it's just predetermined steps one after another.
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You take one LLM call, you pass its result to another LLM call and you pass that result to another LLM call.
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You might have some deterministic logic in these steps, like If the LLM call returns one thing, do one thing.
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If it returns another, do another.
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But all of those code paths are known ahead of time and written in code.
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Workflows are neat, by the way, because you get opportunities to optimise the system.
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For instance, you can have parallel workflows where you have multiple LLM calls at the same time.
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We might take in or produce a chunk of text, split it into two parts, get the LLM to summarise each part of it, and then pass the results of those to another LLM call where we summarise the summaries.
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Because the path to the solution is known up front, we can optimise it in all sorts of ways, which make workflows really, really powerful.
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And by the way, if I had to pick between agents and workflows, like one that I could take to a desert island, I would probably pick workflows.
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But that's just me because I'm a natural contrarian.
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So let's sum up then.
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Agent and workflow.
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What are the differences?
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What are they good at?
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Well, the first thing to say that to qualify in this category, you need multiple LLM calls.
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Like a single LLM call all by itself doesn't really qualify as either an agent or a workflow.
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It's just a frickin' API call.
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We don't need an extra definition for that.
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To me, the key difference is who decides when to stop the program.
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With an agent, as we saw, it is the LLM really.
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The LLM can say, OK, I've done the work, let's now stop.
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Whereas in a workflow it is predetermined steps that are known up front.
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Now the reason that this entire distinction matters is that agents and workflows are good for different things.
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An agent is really good when the path to the solution is unclear
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or when you need to be able to generalise it to lots and lots of different tasks.
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Coding Coding assistants are a really, really, really good example of this.
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Because the coding assistant in Clawcode or Cursor doesn't know what kind of codebase it's going to go into, it doesn't know what kind of bug you're going to throw at it, and so it needs to be able to adapt on the fly.
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In other words, agents are really, really good at improvising.
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But workflows are much better when the path to the solution is known up front.
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When you need to do the same thing a thousand times, you always want a workflow.
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Because as we saw with the parallelizable steps you can basically optimise it in all sorts of different ways.
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Whereas an agent you really leave the optimisation up to the agent itself.
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Agent is like jazz, you know, it's all improvisation, all feel.
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And workflows are like classical music where you can spend ages optimising the upfront set up
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so that the final output is as good as it can be.
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The next thing to say though is that agents and workflows are a spectrum, not a hard definition.
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Most systems out there you will see will be somewhere on this gradient between agent and workflow.
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For instance, a pure agent where the LLM is solely in charge of deciding when to stop, well, I don't want to deploy that because that thing is going to eventually run forever.
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And so most agents have a max steps counter, in other words a deterministic stop in the code to prevent the agent running infinitely.
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This is so common that tools like the AISDK actually have a max steps parameter to their agents.
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Going further down we have agents that contain workflows.
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Many agents are able to call workflows from within tools.
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Which by the way allows you to build really really smart systems
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because you get the generalizability of the agent and then you're able to optimise the tools that that agent has.
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Finally, of course, you can have workflows that contain loops.
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This might be that you produce some text and you evaluate it multiple times to refine the output continuously.
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The difference here, of course, is does the LLM itself have the ability to break the loop early?
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For me that's a sign that it's an agent rather than a workflow.
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But these terms are on a spectrum
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and most systems out there will use some combination of each or have agents within workflows or workflows within agents.
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And so the definitions are useful because they allow you to think about problems in terms of patterns.
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And so it kind of hurts me a little bit when I see as agent workflows grow more complex.
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Ah, what did we do to deserve this?
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This is just so confusing.
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Now of course I'm annoyed I suppose because I'm interested in agents versus workflows as like a pedagogical tool, as a teaching tool.
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Because I do find the definitions useful for communicating what you're trying to build and the trade-offs between them.
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But also there's a sense that everyone's using the word without there necessarily being a good definition behind it.
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I only hope that this definition will spread
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that the anthropic definition of just two calls in a loop will be what people land on.
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Now if you're digging what I'm putting out then you will love AIHero.dev.
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I'm going to be releasing something soon which is going to mash together AI
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and TypeScript and give you the ability to ship really powerful AI applications with the language
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that you know and you know that I love.
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Thanks so much for joining along folks.
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I will see you very soon.
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About This Lesson
In this lesson, you will practice English listening and speaking skills using a YouTube video that discusses the concepts of agents and workflows in the context of modern AI development. You will explore the nuanced differences between these two terms, which will enhance your comprehension and enable you to articulate technical concepts more clearly. By shadowing the speaker, you will not only improve your vocabulary but also refine your pronunciation and speech delivery, an essential skill when discussing complex topics in English.
Key Vocabulary & Phrases
- Agent: A looped process in AI that generates new information iteratively.
- Workflow: A predetermined sequence of steps executed in code.
- LLM (Large Language Model): A sophisticated type of AI model that generates human-like text.
- Tool: A resource or function that an agent or system can invoke to perform tasks.
- Jailbreak guardrail: A safety feature designed to filter harmful or malicious inputs.
- Deterministic logic: Predefined decision-making paths based on set conditions.
- Parallel workflows: Multiple routes executed simultaneously for efficiency.
- Optimise: To improve the performance of a process or workflow.
Practice Tips
To effectively improve your English through the video, consider using shadow speech techniques. Watch the video at a slow pace initially to familiarize yourself with the speaker’s tone and speed. Once you're comfortable, repeat phrases immediately after you hear them. This method, known as shadow speak, will help reinforce your pronunciation and fluency.
Engage with the vocabulary listed above by integrating them into your sentences as you speak along with the video. Focus on the key terms like "agent" and "workflow" as you practice; this will deepen your understanding of their usage in context. Since the speaker has a clear and instructional style, you can also pause frequently to repeat phrases, enhancing your ability to communicate complex ideas more effectively.
Finally, remember that by using these techniques, you are not only learning English but also developing the skills to discuss advanced topics confidently. Enjoy your journey to learn English with YouTube and improve your shadowspeaks abilities!
What is the Shadowing Technique?
Shadowing is a science-backed language learning technique originally developed for professional interpreter training and popularized by polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. The method is simple but powerful: you listen to native English audio and immediately repeat it out loud — like a shadow following the speaker with just a 1–2 second delay. Unlike passive listening or grammar drills, shadowing forces your brain and mouth muscles to simultaneously process and reproduce real speech patterns. Research shows it significantly improves pronunciation accuracy, intonation, rhythm, connected speech, listening comprehension, and speaking fluency — making it one of the most effective methods for IELTS Speaking preparation and real-world English communication.
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