Shadowing Practice: WW2 - OverSimplified (Part 2) - Learn English Speaking with Video
Creating lesson...
1
This video was made possible by Skillshare, an online learning community.
2
Stick around until the end of the video to learn how you can get an exclusive deal just for oversimplified viewers.
3
So what else is happening?
4
Well, when I said Britain was all alone, that wasn't entirely true.
5
Many Commonwealth nations and other allied colonies had joined the war in Britain's support.
6
They would play a key role throughout the war, particularly in the African and Italian campaigns.
7
On the Axis side, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a defensive tripartite pact, Tripartite pact, bringing their military alliance even closer together.
8
The Soviet Union's war against Finland should have been an easy victory, but it became a humiliating struggle, and their military ineptitude was put on full display.
9
In the end, they did force the Finns to sue for peace.
10
Then, they continued their honorable campaign of pushing around much smaller countries by annexing the Baltic states and part of northern Romania.
11
France's colonies in equatorial Africa were like, heck no, we aren't going to join the Germans, and they all pledged their allegiance to free France, except for Gabon, which had to be taken by military force.
12
The Allies also tried to capture the strategic port of Dakar, but that ended in failure.
13
Mussolini had seen Hitler's successes, and he thought now it was Italy's time to shine.
14
So he tried to take British Somaliland, and that went pretty well.
15
Then he tried to take Egypt, and that went less well.
16
Then he tried to take Greece, and that went really badly.
17
Churchill began referring to Italy as Europe's soft underbelly.
18
He began favoring a military campaign from the south and started sending British troops to Greece.
19
All of this had Hitler pretty concerned, and he moved to protect his southern flank.
20
He had been getting friendly with Hungary and twisted their arm into signing the Tripartite Pact and joining the Axis powers.
21
Romania was also eager to join for protection against the Soviet Union.
22
The Tripartite Pact was designed to prevent any other countries from deciding to join the Allies, specifically Britain's old ally, the pesky United States of America.
23
When war first broke out, American public opinion was strongly against joining in.
24
In 1940, there was an election.
25
The Republican candidate said, I will not send any young Americans to die in Europe and sitting President Franklin D.
26
Roosevelt said I will also not send any young Americans to
27
die in Europe unless I have to then I might
28
and Roosevelt won Churchill asked him to join the war Roosevelt said no can do Winston, but you know what here have some weapons America began supplying the Allies with food and munitions,
29
but there was one problem
30
German U-boats were sinking thousands of Allied supply ships in the Atlantic
31
Including American ones
32
if the Germans could sever Britain's supply line the UK would
33
starve throughout the war The Allies had to come up with better technology to fight the U-votes.
34
Improved radar, aircraft with longer range, better weaponry and convoy tactics.
35
At one point a man even called a meeting and said, Pykrete, you take some wood, you take some ice, you put them together, you get Pykrete.
36
And then he pulled out a gun and shot some wood and it shattered.
37
And then he shot some Pykrete and the bullet ricocheted off it and hit someone else in the conference room.
38
Then they tried to make a Pykrete aircraft carrier, but that idea was scrapped because that's a really dumb idea.
39
In the end, Alan Turing and his team of codebreakers cracked Germany's Enigma code
40
and the U-Bots gradually became less and less of a threat.
41
Back in Africa, Britain decided to push Italy out of Egypt.
42
Hey, that was pretty easy.
43
So they kept going.
44
Hitler realized he was going to have to finally step in and do something.
45
He went to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia and said, Hey, I'm going to move troops through you to get to Greece.
46
So either join us or, you know, be invaded.
47
Bulgaria opted to join them.
48
Yugoslavia opted to be invaded.
49
Then Greece finally fell to the joint German-Italian invasion.
50
The British had moved troops from North Africa to fight in Greece, which helped Rommel and his tank divisions push the British back to Egypt and they could have kept going,
51
but a small, mostly Australian force held out under siege for eight months in Tobruk, denying the Germans a strategic port city and disrupting their supply line.
52
Despite having some success in the Middle East, the British didn't seem like any real threat for now.
53
Hey, Soviet Union, look out!
54
With three million troops, Hitler launched the largest ground invasion in history, and Stalin was far from ready.
55
Both Churchill and Roosevelt had warned him of an impending attack, but he dug his head in the sand and the Soviets didn't stand a chance.
56
Germany made staggering progress with huge encircling movements capturing mind-boggling numbers of Russian troops.
57
A quarter million at Bialystok, Minsk, 300,000 at Smolensk, nearly 700,000 at Kiev, and again at Vyazma and Brynsk.
58
Leningrad was put under a siege that would last an insufferable four years.
59
The invasion of Russia had been Hitler's main ideological goal from the beginning, and his hatred for the ethnic peoples there was now unleashed in all its fury.
60
The Eastern Front of the Second World War was brutal for all that endured it.
61
The Germans were now inside of Moscow, and that's it.
62
It's all over.
63
But then, it happened.
64
It got cold.
65
Stupid cold.
66
Hitler had hoped the Soviets would give up before winter, but they kept fighting.
67
His commanders came to him and said, Can we please dig in for the winter and wait until spring?
68
No. Keep going.
69
But oil is literally freezing inside our vehicles.
70
That's fine.
71
Keep going.
72
We're having to leave the corpses of our frozen horses by the side of the road
73
so we can still find our way in the snowdrift.
74
Perfectly normal.
75
Keep going.
76
Hitler hadn't given his millions of men winter clothing and supplies, because he thought he really should have worn by now.
77
Then, Stalin called in troops from the Siberian front, specially trained to fight in the extreme cold, and the Germans were no match.
78
They were now being pushed back.
79
They had no choice but to dig in and wait for winter to end.
80
Germany's victories were staggering, and Japan was eager not to miss the victory bust.
81
Their war in China had come to a standstill, but they wanted to keep expanding their sphere of influence and getting those sweet, sweet raw materials.
82
They began making plans to expand southward, but there was a problem.
83
Southeast Asia was heavily colonized by America and Great Britain.
84
It was also full of ocean.
85
Ocean meant naval combat, and there was no way the Japanese Navy could stand up to the US and the UK.
86
So they thought, wouldn't it be nice if we could destroy their navies before we begin our conquest?
87
And so it was.
88
On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise air raid on the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, and inflicted a huge amount of damage.
89
They also attacked British colonies in Southeast Asia.
90
Roosevelt had no choice but to declare war on Japan, and so did Churchill.
91
Hitler then declared war on America, even though he totally didn't have to.
92
The attack on Pearl Harbor seemed like a big Japanese victory, but they didn't attack any of the naval repair yards, fuel storage tanks, or the submarine base,
93
meaning the Pacific Fleet would be up and running again pretty soon.
94
In the meantime though, the Japanese were able to begin their conquest.
95
They took Guam, the Gilbert Islands, Wake Island, Hong Kong and the Philippines.
96
They forced Thailand to join them so they could march their troops through to Malaya.
97
They swept through Singapore, North Borneo, the East Indies, New Guinea, the Solomons, and they were now threatening Northern Australia and the borders of India.
98
Japan's victory had been as staggering as the Germans, and it reinforced the Japanese idea that this was a divine war which they were destined to win.
99
But their victories had been based on speed, not power and power would eventually catch up with them.
100
For now though, in all occupied nations, the people suffered.
101
Persecution, forced labor, harsh punishments for any who spoke out against their occupiers.
102
In Europe, the Nazis were rounding up ethnic minorities and other unwanted groups and individuals.
103
In particular, millions of Jewish people would suffer through the terrible events of the Holocaust.
104
Brave resistance movements rose up in defiance of their invaders, while the people held up for hope.
105
And hope was coming.
106
Winter was over and Hitler could continue his push eastward, but this time he switched off his strategy.
107
He wanted to focus on the south.
108
His plan was to cut off the Russian armies in the Caucasus, an area full of oil, and then invade the Caucasus and take all the oil.
109
His forces moved across the north with ease and Hitler got cocky.
110
He rerouted the 4th Panzer Army south early, leaving the 6th Army to complete the encircling movement alone.
111
To do so, the 6th Army had to reach and take the key Soviet city of Stalingrad.
112
The Russians defended it fiercely, and Stalingrad saw some of the harshest fighting of the entire war.
113
The Soviets held up the German advance for five months as they battled in the war-torn city, which bought them valuable time.
114
When the Germans had first launched their invasion a year earlier, the Soviets had moved their factories to the east.
115
Those factories had been building a butt-ton of tanks and aircraft, and getting the Soviet army up to scratch.
116
Now, it was ready.
117
Stalin gathered his new and improved forces around the city, and in an attack that resembled Hitler's own encirclement tactics, they began surrounding the 6th Army.
118
Hitler's commanders came to him and said, Hey, maybe we should retreat.
119
But Hitler said, no, no, you stay.
120
The entire 6th Army was trapped and had to surrender.
121
With complete air superiority, the Soviets started pushing westward.
122
For Stalin, it was a resounding victory.
123
For Hitler, an absolute catastrophe.
124
Things also weren't looking too good for Hitler elsewhere.
125
With America now in the war, Allied bombing over German cities reached devastating levels.
126
In Africa, the British had pushed Rommel back again, then they were pushed back again, and finally after a decisive battle at El Alamein, and with American and British troops arriving in the west,
127
the Germans and Italians were squeezed out of Africa.
128
Japan was also already seeing its rapid success being turned around.
129
They attempted to take the island of Midway, but the US Navy was ready for the attack, and they sank Japan's carrier.
130
Actually, they sank a lot of them.
131
It was a battle from which the Japanese Navy would never recover.
132
British, Indian, and Chinese troops held the line in the harsh jungle terrain of Burma, and the Japanese suffered losses in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea.
133
They began to realize they were not invincible.
134
With the Axis out of Africa, the Allies had to decide their next move.
135
Churchill still wanted to attack from the south, while the Americans preferred a full sea invasion in northern France.
136
Alright, said the Americans, we'll do it your way.
137
Allied forces successfully landed in Sicily and began moving north.
138
They also carried out bombing raids over Rome.
139
The thing was, many of the people in Sicily had relatives living in America, and they greeted the American troops quite warmly.
140
With the war reaching home territory, most Italians just weren't that into it.
141
And Mussolini was suddenly very unpopular.
142
He was voted out by his own fascist Grand Council and was toppled from power.
143
Italy immediately began negotiations for surrender.
144
Hitler wasn't surprised and had already sent reinforcements southward.
145
In an operation he ironically called Operation Axis, German troops quickly disarmed Italian troops in the north.
146
The Allies continued fighting the Germans up through Italy, but then winter set in, meaning mud, and everything slowed to a halt.
147
Alright, said the Americans, let's do it our way as well.
148
Germany had made itself a lot of enemies, and millions of Allied troops had been gathering in England as factories worked around the clock, reducing the war material needed for a super crazy massive the likes of
149
which the world has never seen before invasion of Europe.
150
The Germans knew an Allied invasion would come, but they didn't know where it would land.
151
Thanks to Allied deception tactics, they thought there was a pretty good chance it would come at Calais.
152
But the Allies were really going to land in Normandy, because it was less fortified and the beaches were nicer.
153
Under the careful planning of General Dwight D.
154
Eisenhower, the invasion that had been long in the making was just about ready to go.
155
Just one thing was preventing the launch, the British weather.
156
For a short while, everyone sat around waiting for a decent day.
157
And then, it came.
158
On the night of June 5th, over a thousand bombers took off and raided coastline defenses, while paratroopers were dropped inland in a bit of a chaotic operation,
159
tasked with sabotaging defenses and capturing key bridges to stop any German reinforcement from reaching the beaches.
160
Early the next morning, the barrage came, as Allied ships fired a huge number of shells at the German fortifications, and then the landings.
161
The Americans at Utah and Omaha, the British at Golden Sword, and the Canadians at Juneau.
162
It was a tremendous struggle with a great loss of life, particularly at Omaha.
163
But the Allied troops captured the beaches and the landings were a success.
164
Then they began their movements inland.
165
They took the port of Cherbourg and the city of Caen.
166
The Americans moved south to capture Brittany.
167
Then, in a massive disaster for the Germans, British and Canadian troops from the north and Americans from the south trapped the German 7th Army in a near-wipe-out encircling movement.
168
In August, ally troops landed in the south of France to little resistance.
169
On one beach, all they found was a Frenchman handing out champagne.
170
Paris was liberated, and the Germans were pushed out of France as the Allies entered Belgium.
171
In the Far East, the Allies started to push the Japanese out of Burma, as the Americans launched a two-pronged offensive in the Pacific.
172
In the south, General MacArthur led the push to liberate the Philippines, Philippines, while General Nimitz oversaw the brutal island hopping campaign.
173
American forces had to make hard-fought landing after hard-fought landing on
174
fiercely defended small islands as they moved steadily towards the Japanese mainland.
175
The Japanese believed that the greatest thing a person could do was to die in battle, and the most dishonorable act was to surrender.
176
As a result, they fought ferociously to the very end.
177
And the closer the Americans got to the mainland, the more ferocious the resistance became.
178
In February 1945, the Americans captured the island of Iwo Jima, and an intense firebombing campaign of Japan's wooden cities began.
179
The Allies suffered some setbacks trying to liberate the Netherlands, but they were making progress and were now threatening the industrial heartland of Germany.
180
Hitler's health, both mentally and physically, was rapidly deteriorating.
181
Things were looking bad and he was desperate.
182
He said, we need to turn this thing around and I have just the trick.
183
Remember a few years back when we blitz-screed through the Ardennes and trapped the Allied forces in Belgium?
184
Well, I'm gonna do the exact same thing.
185
Again.
186
He gathered his forces and tried to plumb them through the Ardennes.
187
He used up the remainder of Germany's strength and resources and he managed to create quite a nice bulge.
188
He also trapped some American forces in the Belgian town of Bastogne.
189
The Germans sent the trapped Americans a message saying surrender or be annihilated.
190
When it was read out to the commanding officer, he said, They want to surrender?
191
No, sir.
192
They want us to surrender.
193
Nuts!
194
And that's what they sent off as their official reply.
195
General Patton's Third Army then managed to break the siege from the southwest, and the Germans were pushed back.
196
Hitler's last-ditch attempt had failed, and what followed was a total collapse of the German forces.
197
The Allies pushed into Germany from both sides.
198
The Soviet Union took Warsaw and kept pushing to Berlin.
199
In his bunker, Hitler realized all hope was lost.
200
Berlin fell, and with it, Hitler's dreams of a great German Empire.
201
Two of the Axis nations had been knocked out, one to go.
202
The Americans began their assault on Okinawa, the last island before they would reach the Japanese mainland.
203
The desperate Japanese fought hard, launching kamikaze attacks on the US ships.
204
The citizens of Okinawa suffered through the terrible fighting, but in two months, the island was captured.
205
The Allies now had to make a choice, either continue the devastating struggle up the Japanese mainland, or they could try to coerce the Japanese into surrendering now.
206
In July, the first successful atomic bomb test took place in New Mexico, and the destructive weapon was ready for use.
207
America and the UK were also seeing the Soviet Union not so much liberating as occupying its captured territories, and so they wanted to put on a show of force.
208
On August 6th, the A-bomb fell on Hiroshima.
209
Then, on the 9th, Nagasaki.
210
The cities were reduced to rubble, and for the people living there, it was a terrible fate.
211
But for the Allies, it achieved their main aim.
212
In September, the Emperor announced Japan's surrender, saying the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage.
213
After six years, war was finally over.
214
The Allies occupied Japan for eight years.
215
The Emperor was allowed to keep his position, but General MacArthur made sure this picture was printed in the Japanese press to display to the Japanese people
216
that their Emperor was not the divine, powerful being they had believed.
217
Germany was divided between America, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union.
218
In 1949, the Allied sectors were united into West Germany.
219
The Second World War had been more terrible and destructive than the first.
220
In its aftermath, two major superpowers with two very different ideologies had come out victorious, and the tension between the two of them would create a new kind of war.
221
A very, very cold one.
222
Wow, Churchill, that looks just like me.
223
And your app is doing really well.
224
And this quesadilla you made is to die for.
225
How'd you learn to do all this stuff?
226
I used the link in the description to get two months of Skillshare for just 99 cents.
227
Wow, tell me more.
228
Okay.
229
Skillshare is an online learning community with more than 19,000 classes in design, business, technology, and more.
230
Premium membership gives you unlimited access to high-quality classes taught by genuine experts working in their field.
231
So you can improve your skills, unlock new opportunities, and do the work you love.
232
If you want to learn how to create games, you can check out their courses on using Unity or creating vector art.
233
There are courses for software development, music production, arts and crafts, or if you want to learn how to animate like I do, you can find loads of courses for beginning animation.
234
and Skillshare won't take a heavy toll on your wallet compared to other learning platforms, with an annual subscription being under $10 a month.
235
If you'd like to give it a try first, then I've got a deal just for oversimplified viewers.
236
The first 1,000 people to use this link, which can also be found in the description, will get their first two months of Skillshare for just 99 cents.
237
That's right, just one cent short of a dollar.
238
So be sure to sign up using the link in the description, improve your skills, and learn something new today.
📺 Same Channel
B11
The First Punic War - OverSimplified (Part 1)
High School StudentsUniversity Students
B12
RECAP: First Punic War
University Students
B29
The American Revolution - OverSimplified (Part 2)
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B2Three Kingdoms - OverSimplified
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B22
Hitler - OverSimplified (Part 1)
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
Hitler - OverSimplified (Part 2)
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity Students
B23
The American Civil War - OverSimplified (Part 1)
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
WW1 - Oversimplified (Part 1)
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
The Russian Revolution - OverSimplified (Part 1)
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B2The Napoleonic Wars - OverSimplified (Part 1)
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
Henry VIII - OverSimplified
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity Students
B12
WW2 - OverSimplified (Part 1)
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B28
The Cold War - OverSimplified (Part 1)
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
✨ Recommend Video
B22
266 sentences
World War 2: 1939
British AccentCambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B236 sentences
The reason Japan attacked Pearl Harbor
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B25
166 sentences
Mesopotamia: Crash Course World History #3
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B28
259 sentences
Meet WW2's Villains
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
402 sentences
TBT part 1 section 1
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B25
201 sentences
World War 2 in Simple English (Daily Life + Vocab) 🌍📚 | B1–B2 English Listening
Cambridge Exam PrepDaily ConversationHigh School Students
B23
44 sentences
1984 George Orwell Full Book Summary (Full Book in JUST 3 Minutes)
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
79 sentences
Why These Nuns Cut off Their Noses and Lips
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity Students
B12
21 sentences
Total War: Warhammer - Beginner's Guide 02: The Value of Ranking Up
Business EnglishHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
602 sentences
World War II: The Complete Story (1939–1945) 🌍⚔️ | Learn English Through History
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson
This video has 238 sentences and 3387 words to shadow. The speech runs for 15:20. The speaker talks fast, about 221 words per minute, so expect linked and reduced sounds. Only 79% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English, so the vocabulary is demanding.
Key vocabulary in this video
15 words from the video worth learning, with pronunciation and meaning:
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ally noun | /ˈæl.aɪ/ | A person who co-operates with or helps another; an associate; a friend. |
| capture verb | /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/ | To take control of; to seize by force or stratagem. |
| invasion noun | /ɪnˈveɪʒən/ | A military action consisting of a large armed force of one geopolitical entity entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the… |
| surrender verb | /səˈɹɛndə(ɹ)/ | To give up into the power, control, or possession of another. |
| trap noun | /tɹæp/ | A machine or other device designed to catch (and sometimes kill) animals, either by holding them in a container, or by catching hold of part of the body. |
| mainland noun | /ˈmeɪnlənd/ | The continent; the principal land, as distinguished from islands or a peninsula. |
| pact noun | /pækt/ | An agreement; a compact; a covenant. |
| gather verb | /ˈɡæðɚ/ | To collect normally separate things. |
| sink verb | /ˈsɪŋk/ | To descend or submerge (or to cause to do so) into a liquid or similar substance. |
| tactics noun | /ˈtæktɪks/ | The military science that deals with achieving the objectives set by strategy. |
| colony noun | /ˈkɔl.ə.ni/ | A geographical area under the remote control of a country; especially to extract resources or exploit labor from that area. |
| occupy verb | /ˈɑkjəpaɪ/ | To fill. |
| siege noun | /siːd͡ʒ/ | A prolonged military assault or a blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition. |
| invade verb | /ɪnˈveɪd/ | To move into. |
| defend verb | /dɪˈfɪnd/ | To ward off attacks against (something or someone). |
Phrasal verbs you will hear
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| push back verb | To refute or argue against a position or an accusation; to express one's own view on a situation. | |
| break out verb | To escape, especially forcefully or defiantly. | |
| carry out verb | /ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/ | To hold while moving it out. |
| check out verb | To record the departure or withdrawal of someone or something (such as guests, employees, books, etc.). | |
| come out verb | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | To be discovered; to be revealed. |
| come up with verb | To manage to produce, deliver, or present (something) by inventing, creating, thinking of, or obtaining it. | |
| cut off verb | /ˌkʌt ˈɔf/ [ˌkɐɾ ˈɔf] | To remove by cutting. |
| give up verb | To surrender (someone or something); to inform on (someone). |
Pronunciation to watch
The speaker uses 21 contractions and reduced forms, such as didn't, I'm, wasn't. Say them the short way, as you hear them.
- The “th” sounds: gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, clothing /ˈkloʊðɪŋ/, southwest /saʊθˈwɛst/
- The “sh” and “zh” sounds: capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒən/, harsh /ˈhɑɹʃ/, shell /ʃɛl/, tension /ˈtɛnʃən/
- Long words — get the stress right: necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, successfully /səkˈsɛs.fə.li/, minority /maɪˈnɒɹ.ɪ.ti/, animation /ˌæn.ɪˈmeɪ.ʃən/, unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/
How to practise with this video
- Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
- Start at 0.75× speed, shadow it sentence by sentence, then go back to normal speed once it feels easy.
- Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like ally, capture, invasion.
Grammar in this video
The structures the speaker uses most, with the exact words from the video:
| Structure | In the video |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — the focus is on what happens, not who does it | was made · was put · be taken |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — a past action that still matters now | has never seen · has developed |
What is the Shadowing Technique?
Shadowing is a science-backed language learning technique originally developed for professional interpreter training and popularized by polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. The method is simple but powerful: you listen to native English audio and immediately repeat it out loud — like a shadow following the speaker with just a 1–2 second delay. Unlike passive listening or grammar drills, shadowing forces your brain and mouth muscles to simultaneously process and reproduce real speech patterns. Research shows it significantly improves pronunciation accuracy, intonation, rhythm, connected speech, listening comprehension, and speaking fluency — making it one of the most effective methods for IELTS Speaking preparation and real-world English communication.