Prática de Shadowing: Grammar rules you can stop sticking to - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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This one ain't gonna please no pence.
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It's time to finally free ourselves from the tyranny of English's fake grammatical rules.
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I'm going to tell you where these illegitimate linguistic laws came from.
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Then I'll explain why absolutely none of them are worth sticking to anymore.
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Hopefully you'll join me for what promises to be a very liberating episode of Rob Words.
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I have broken one of these
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so -called rules in no less than all six of the sentences I have said so far, including this one.
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But did it make me any less understandable?
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I reckon not.
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You might not even have noticed some of them.
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And that's going to be one of my big points as we progress through this video.
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Oh, and I should mention about this virtual world that I find myself in, which is actually just a green sheet in my apartment.
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It is freezing outside.
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I'll get back out and about once the Berlin winter starts to play ball.
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But in the meantime, I'm here and I'm just going to trust future me not to superimpose me onto anything stupid.
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Now these are all actually rules that I encountered people spreading over 15
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or so years of writing and reading out scripts for TV and radio, which is what I did before I did this YouTube -y thing.
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As ever, if you disagree with anything that I say during this video, feel free to take me to task in the comments.
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Okay, let's get started with a rubbish rule of English.
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Number one.
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Don't split the infinitive.
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The infinitive in English is the form of a verb that has to at the start of it,
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like to be, to have, to bump, to grind.
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And I remember being told even back in school never to ignorantly put another word between
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that to and the verb that it's accompanying.
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Like I did just then.
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Doing so is called splitting the infinitive, because you are splitting the two elements of the infinitive apart from one another,
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and it is often described as a mistake. But why?
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Well, I don't know.
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I can think of no practical reason why splitting the infinitive is bad.
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So how have we ended up with this perceived rule.
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Well, I say, blame the Victorians.
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And I'm going to cruelly lay the blame at the door of one
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Victorian in particular, the writer of this highly influential book, A Plea for the Queen's English, by Henry Alford.
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Henry Alford was a grammarian and a pedant of the highest order, and he took it upon himself to write this book,
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setting out how he felt the English language language should be correctly deployed.
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In it, he made his own proclamation about splitting the infinitive.
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Using as an example the phrase to scientifically illustrate,
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he says, surely this is a practice entirely unknown to English speakers and writers.
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It seems to me that we ever regard the two of the infinitive as inseparable from its verb.
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Did you notice something.
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Surely this is a practice, it seems to me.
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This is all just what he reckons.
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And he's wrong.
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He's writing this in the 1860s when unashamed users of the Split Infinitive have up to this point included William Shakespeare,
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John Donne, Samuel Pepys, Daniel Defoe, William Worsworth, Benjamin Franklin, Lord Byron, Abraham Lincoln and George Eliot.
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It is a perfectly normal thing to do.
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So why has dear
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Henry Alford got it into his head that it isn't?
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Well, it seems likely that he
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and others like him were having their judgement clouded by a fervent desire to make English more like
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Latin – a language that has for centuries been considered of enormous prestige.
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And in Latin, nobody ever splits the infinitive.
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Why?
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Because it's impossible.
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But because English has this weird two -word infinitive, we can split it.
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There's a reason, there's a space there.
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Go ahead, fill it.
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Indeed there are times when to not split the infinitive is almost impossible.
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For example, if I write, I want to more than double my subscribers this year, please help me out, I have split the infinitive.
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But what's the alternative?
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I want more than to double my subscribers?
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That means something different, doesn't it?
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Like I want to double my subscribers and give each of them a kiss.
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Don't unsubscribe, it's okay.
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I probably won't.
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Unless you ask.
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And I want to double more than my subscribers makes it sound like I want to double something else, to.
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Also, sometimes splitting the infinitive can sound more natural than to not do it.
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See?
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Hot take alert!
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Wouldn't Hamlet sound a bit more like a normal person if the question were to be or to not be?
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Something to think about.
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So I'm going to happily continue splitting the infinitive.
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And you should feel like you can too.
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Onto nonsense rule number two.
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Don't never use no double negative.
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A double negative is when you use two negatives in one sentence or one thought short, like I ain't never been to space.
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The received wisdom is that in such a sentence the two negatives cancel each other out,
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meaning that I've just claimed to have at some point taken a trip beyond our atmosphere.
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For that reason, double negatives are considered a no -no. Although no -no is weirdly one double negative that apparently doesn't cancel itself
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Now, I'm not going to argue that double negatives are a great thing.
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I would never write one down, for example, it is ambiguous on the page and would potentially lead to some misunderstandings.
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But I am going to defend its use in speech.
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Because I don't believe that when said out loud, a double negative is particularly ambiguous.
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Remember that internet lady who said, ain't nobody got time for that?
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And then the smoke got me.
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I got bronchitis.
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Ain't nobody got time for that.
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Well, of all the countless memes that she sparked,
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did a single one of them rely on the interpretation that she in fact did have time for that?
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Of course not.
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In fact, the clip's popularity is partly down to how emphatic she is about not having time for that.
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And that emphasis is largely down to the double negative.
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As a rhetorical device, the double negative can be highly effective.
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And what's more, we've known that for over a thousand years.
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Just have a look at this.
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This is a quote from Anglo -Saxon England.
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It's in Old English, the language that would one day become the language we speak today.
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Ne rochte he yet, na ne wundra op en lice.
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In modern English, this translates to, he hasn't yet worked any miracles openly.
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But what it literally says is, not wrought he yet, no wonders openly.
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It contains a double negative.
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He's not worked no miracles openly yet.
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You see, in Old English, two negatives did not cancel each other out.
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Instead, they supported one another.
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Indeed, the philosophy was that if one part of the sentence was negative, it all should be for consistency's sake.
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Check out this old English quote too from an Anglo -Saxon bible.
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Ne josea navre, nan man god.
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Has not seen never, no man god.
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Or in modern parlance, no man ain't never seen god.
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It's a triple negative.
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Perhaps you're thinking, yeah but Rob, that is over a thousand years ago.
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We've evolved from then.
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Okay, if that's not
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Not recent enough for you.
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How about this from Middle English?
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How cool is this 13th century document, by the way?
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This bit says, I can't say no falsehood.
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A double negative.
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Or, if that's too old still, how about this from early modern English, from Shakespeare no less.
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I cannot go no further.
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Oh, you want even newer still, do you?
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Well, how about the last time you said neither one thing nor the other?
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That is a double negative.
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Neither this or that would make perfect sense.
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But But we use two negatives for consistency.
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It's a relic of that old English approach.
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So why say don't you not be feeling bad about using them?
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Now, I don't want you thinking that I'm making an argument against precision in language here.
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I'm really not.
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One of my issues with these rules is that they don't do anything to help with clarity.
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I do think that the words we use are important.
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Language is important.
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For example, you know how
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Mark Zuckerberg recently announced that
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Meta was doing away with facts -checkers?
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Well, your view on
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that story may well have been influenced by the specific language of the news sources you heard it from.
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On Ground News, they've pulled together over 30 different sources on that story from across the political spectrum, allowing us to compare the coverage.
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Look how left -wing outlets use terms like blindsiding and assault to describe Zuck's move as an attack on journalists and truth.
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Whereas many of the right -wing outlets lord it as a victory for free speech.
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Now as someone who's been a journalist for over a decade and a half,
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I can't stress enough how crucial it is to understand the political biases and reliability of your news sources.
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That's why I use
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Ground News, not just for their app and website, but also their excellent interest pages like those for the UK and Germany,
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which help me stay informed about the stories that I think matter most to me.
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If you want to see how language shapes the news and make sure you're fully informed,
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go to ground .news slash robwords or use my special QR code
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and get 40 % off unlimited access like I have to Ground News.
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Okay, on to our next bit of nitpicky nonsense, which is that none is always singular.
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Have you ever said something along the lines of, oh, we were going to go out tonight but none of us have any money,
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and been told, um, actually, it should be none of us has any money?
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I don't know where that voice came from.
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But I do remember being corrected like that back when I worked at the BBC,
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an organisation staffed by many of the most particular users of the English language you could ever expect to meet.
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And thankfully so, someone has to maintain standards.
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And on this occasion, it was explained to me that none is a contraction of not one,
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and therefore should only ever be treated as singular.
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Makes sense.
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You wouldn't say, one of us have money, would you?
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So I went along with it, for ages in fact, until I actually looked it up, and found that for centuries,
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writers have used none with the plural, like I did.
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See?
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And that's because, contrary to what I was told, none isn't just short for not one.
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Since at least the time of Henry VIII, it's been short for not any as well.
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So just as to say, do any pigs have wings? is okay.
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To say, none of the pigs have wings is also okay.
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And to deny that is to apply an approach that our language grew out of 500 years ago.
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So let's agree that none of us have to keep it up.
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I've actually broken two rules there.
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I've also flouted the next one on our list.
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Don't end a sentence with a preposition.
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This is a rule you might never have heard of.
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But one I just broke again, just there.
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It centres around words called prepositions.
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They're those little words like of, with, to, from, up, down, over, out.
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That you used before a noun or noun phrase or a pronoun to show its relationship with what's come before it.
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I go to the shops.
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The cat sits in my lap.
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Alan pierced his foot on a spike.
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They're essential elements of our language
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and it is often said to be a misuse of English to put one at the end of a sentence.
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But I reckon that's something we need to think over.
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It's an issue we need to get into.
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A myth we need to reckon with.
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Oh look, I've just broken that rule three times.
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But did it sound weird?
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I don't think so.
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The usual trick to avoid flouting this false law is to rearrange the sentence.
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But just listen to how much worse these are.
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That's something over which we need to think.
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It's an issue into which we need to get.
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A myth with which we need to reckon.
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Gross.
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Someone who's said to have shared my revulsion is a certain Winston Churchill.
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The story goes that on receiving a complaint about his use of a sentence -terminal preposition, he's said to have scrawled a note saying,
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this is the sort of pedantic nonsense up with which I will not put.
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Or words to that effect.
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It depends on where you're reading it and to The point is, the ugliness of the sentence demonstrates the folly of the rule.
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The idea
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that ending a sentence with a preposition is a misuse of
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a beautiful language is thought to go back only as far as the 17th century.
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Researchers reckon the first proponent of it was the English poet and critic John Dryden who, doing what critics do best, criticised the brilliant
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Ben Jonson's use of prepositions at the end of sentences, calling it a common fault with him.
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Now, the jibe is unlikely to have bothered
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Ben Johnson too much because he was comfortably dead at the time.
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But Dryden's opinion, and that's all it was, really, appears to have planted a seed that took root among the grammarians that came after him.
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And one book, written about a century later, is credited with turning that opinion, Interlexicological Law.
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It was written by an Oxford professor, Robert Louth, and called A Short Introduction to English Grammar.
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In it, he bemoans the fact that the preposition is often separated from the relative
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which it governs and joined to the verb at the end of the sentence, or of some member of it.
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He then gives an example, Horace is an author whom I am much delighted with.
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While he admits
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that popping the preposition at the end of a sentence is something our language is strongly inclined to
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and that it suits very well with the familiar style of writing,
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he also posits that not doing so is more graceful as well as more perspicuous.
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Ironically, perspicuous means easy to understand.
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So his argument for avoiding ending a sentence with a preposition is that it is inelegant and confusing.
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Which it just isn't.
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But note that also he doesn't dress this up as a rule, more just a preference for when trying to write formally.
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This preference is again likely down to scholars preoccupation with making English more like
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Latin, because again this is a rule that it's impossible to break in Latin.
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Word order doesn't allow it.
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But English is not a language descended from Latin.
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It is a Germanic language.
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And in Germanic languages, you can end a sentence with a preposition.
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Indeed, in German, it is often essential.
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However, Louth's book was hugely influential.
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It was used in British schools until as recently as the 20th century.
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Seriously.
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And And despite him not calling the preposition thing a rule, millions of school children came away with the impression that it was,
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school kids not generally being known for their appreciation of nuance.
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Even our Victorian pal
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Henry Olford accepted that sometimes ending with a preposition was preferable.
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He wrote, where do you come from is the only way of putting that enquiry.
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Whence come you is of course pedantic, though accurate.
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Good lord, I agree with Henry.
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So I hope you see my point
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that even the greatest proponents of the don't end on a preposition idea never sold it as a rule.
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It is a myth perpetuated by self -appointed pedants rather than actual reference books.
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A made up rule of language that Winston Churchill demonstrated the pomposity of.
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Sorry, a law the pomposity of which Winston Churchill demonstrated.
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Yuck.
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OK, next dodgy grammatical gripe.
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Don't use less when you mean fewer.
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A few years back, Tesco, the massive British supermarket chain, found itself at the centre of a semantics storm.
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It was all down to the presence of these signs above some of the checkouts in its stores,
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telling people to only use those checkouts if they had 10 items in their basket or less.
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The source of the controversy?
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The sign said 10 items or less instead of 10 items or fewer.
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The criticism was that less and fewer have different, mutually exclusive meanings.
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Less means lower in amount, degree or value, and fewer is lower in quantity.
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So less should only be used for things that you can't count out.
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So yes, based upon those definitions of less and fewer, Tesco's sign was wrong.
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And such was the volume of the cause for the chain to ditch them that they did just that, replacing them with this utter cop -out.
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But I think Tesco were too hasty to buckle to pedantic public pressure.
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Because I think the definitions of less and fewer look less like this, and more like this.
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I think we can all agree that you should not use fewer for amounts.
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I want fewer milk in my tea does not work at all.
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But who the heck decided that you can't use less when talking about quantities?
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Well, apparently a guy called Robert Baker is the first person
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that the clever folk at Oxford have found writing about the subject.
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Back in 1770, he, in his reflections on the English English language,
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wrote that less is most commonly used in speaking of a number where I should think fewer would be better.
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He says, no fewer than a hundred appears to me not only more elegant than no less than a hundred, but more strictly proper.
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There are real echoes of Louth and Alford there, aren't there?
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He's just talking about what sounds better rather than any essential need to write in this way.
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Mr Baker is making his statement in the 18th century when, as our friends at Merriam -Webster point out,
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less has been used to modify plural nouns since the days of King Alfred.
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They mean Alfred the Great, who ruled over a thousand years ago.
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In Old English, less could be used in this way.
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And looky here, here it is in the 15th century, a reference to less ploughs, and also in the 16th century, less faults.
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So again, we're seeing that the tastes of self -appointed grammarians of the 18th
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and 19th centuries are dictating how we speak today.
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But before you take what I've said so far as permission to forget the difference between less and fewer…
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Let me just say that I do see why some people are so particular about it.
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One such group are the compilers of the Guardian newspaper's style guide, who make their position quite clear.
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This is not just about supermarket signs that say seven items or fewer.
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Only seven.
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It can make a real difference in meaning.
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It then talks about fewer bad people, meaning something very different to less bad people.
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Which is true.
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Fewer bad people are lesser in number, whereas less bad people are not as bad as worse people.
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So I accept that here the distinction is helpful.
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It defeats an ambiguity.
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But is there any ambiguity at all in the phrase 10 items or less?
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And how about this situation?
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If I say to you, I have three fancy biscuits on my plate, do you have more or less?
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Doesn't that sound infinitely more natural than, I have three fancy biscuits on my plate, do you have more or fewer?
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More or fewer, it just doesn't work.
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I suppose my overall point here is that this less versus fewer distinction shouldn't and really can't be applied in all situations.
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And the more you look into it, the less reasons you find for treating it as a hard and fast rule.
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Ok, onto the next one.
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Hopefully has only one meaning.
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This is the newest of the grammatical gripes that I'm trying to dispel, because it has only been an issue for around 100 years.
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During the 20th century, beginning in the US, we got into the habit of using the word hopefully in a new way.
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A way that didn't strictly adhere to its meaning.
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We started saying things like, I did the accents.
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We began using hopefully as an alternative to I hope that, or with any luck, terms like that.
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And that's a way that it hadn't really been used before.
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Prior to that, hopefully had only meant what its makeup suggests, to do something while full of hope.
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Or in a hopeful manner.
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For example, I was feeling lucky, so I hopefully bought a lottery ticket.
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Now, there are people who cling to the idea that that is the sole meaning of hopefully,
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and it should not be used in this newfangled way.
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But unfortunately for them, these people have already lost the argument.
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Bar more people would interpret I hopefully bought a lottery ticket as expressing hope that you bought a lottery ticket,
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like I hopefully locked the door before I left the house
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this morning than like you made the purchase in the hope of winning. In fact, I reckon these days someone can use the word hopefully thousands
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of times during their lifetime without once meaning in a hopeful manner.
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What's more, the new meaning is really useful.
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I can't think of another single word that can replace hopefully in a sentence like this.
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And we're not the only ones to have come to that conclusion.
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In German, the equivalent, Hoffentlich, has evolved to serve exactly the same function.
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So basically, don't let anyone tell you that you're using it wrongly if you do use it in the 20th century fashion,
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because the meaning has undoubtedly evolved.
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So there you go, less than seven rules of English grammar you hopefully ain't no longer going to even bother with.
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If you have enjoyed this video, I hopefully ask you to subscribe and to maybe watch this video next and I'll see you over there.
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Take care.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Grammar rules you can stop sticking to”. As palavras que mais se repetem: English, rule, fewer, negative, language. Este vídeo tem 205 frases e 3806 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 23:50. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 160 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 81% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| fewer | /ˈfjuː.ɚ/ | menos |
| reckon verbo | /ˈɹɛkən/ | contar, calcular |
| verb substantivo | /vɝb/ | verbo |
| subscriber substantivo | /səbˈskɹaɪbɚ/ | assinante, subscritor |
| phrase substantivo | /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/ | expressão, frase |
| nonsense substantivo | /ˈnɒn.səns/ | besteira, bobagem |
| demonstrate verbo | /ˈdɛm.ənˌstɹeɪt/ | demonstrar |
| cancel verbo | /ˈkæn.sl̩/ | riscar |
| openly advérbio | /ˈoʊpənli/ | abertamente |
| myth substantivo | /mɪθ/ | mito |
| lottery substantivo | /ˈlɑtɚi/ | lotaria, loteria |
| evolve verbo | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | desenvolver, elaborar |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | enquanto, ao passo que |
| bother verbo | /ˈbɑðɚ/ | incomodar, chatear |
| journalist substantivo | /ˈd͡ʒɝnəlɪst/ | jornalista, periodista |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | compensar |
| check out verbo | verificar, sacar só | |
| do away with verbo | acabar | |
| get off verbo | sair | |
| go ahead verbo | /ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/ | vai em frente |
| go back verbo | voltar | |
| go out verbo | sair | |
| point out verbo | apontar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- Ooh, I’ve actually broken two “rules” there.
- It’s an issue we need to get into.
- Don’t use less when you mean fewer.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have broken · have said · have noticed |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | being told · is called · is often described |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | radio, which is · nonsense, which is · people who cling |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 80 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, I'm, ain't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: myth /mɪθ/, bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, twentieth /ˈtwɛn.ti.əθ/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, sheet /ʃit/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, supermarket /ˌsupɚˈmɑɹkət/, ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, organisation /ˈɔː.ɡə.naɪˌzeɪ.ʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: verb /vɝb/, demonstrate /ˈdɛm.ənˌstɹeɪt/, journalist /ˈd͡ʒɝnəlɪst/, pig /ˈpɪɡ/, outlet /ˈaʊtlɛt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: miracle /ˈmɪɹ.ə.kəl/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, plural /ˈplʊəɹəl/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, hopeful /ˈhoʊpfl̩/, helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, habit /ˈhæb.ɪt/, happily /ˈhæp.ə.li/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como fewer, reckon, verb.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.