Prática de Shadowing: So... What Was the Point of Artemis II? - Aprenda a falar inglês com o YouTube
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Hi, welcome to another episode of ColdFusion.
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Hi, welcome to another episode of ColdFusion.
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This stunning picture of Earth was taken with a clarity that we've never seen before.
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You can make out the aurora and even our atmosphere.
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These photos were of course snapped by the crew of the Artemis 2 mission,
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which recently returned to Earth after looping around the Moon.
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This is another photo taken from the far side of the Moon,
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about 400,000 kilometres or 250,000 miles away.
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It is the furthest humans have ever travelled from Earth.
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Most people just don't realise how far that is.
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To put this distance into perspective,
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this is the International Space Station.
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It travels around the Earth in low orbit about 400 kilometres or 250 miles above Earth.
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And this is how far the Moon is in comparison.
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The International Space Station flies in low Earth orbit,
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and the last time humans left low Earth orbit was all the way back in 1972.
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That's all well and good,
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But what was the point of the Artemis 2 mission?
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Well, it wasn't just a dangerous sightseeing tour.
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It's actually part of a long-term vision for the future of spaceflight.
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The plan is to have regular moon landings every six months by 2028,
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and eventually build a permanent base on the moon and Mars beyond that.
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Funnily enough, Toyota has a part to play here,
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and you'll love the name of their lunar rover.
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So yes, these are all very lofty goals for sure,
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but Artemis 2 was a crucial step to get there.
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And in doing so, the mission carried a huge risk.
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The four astronauts were travelling on a spacecraft that had never carried humans before.
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Even during its test flight,
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there was unexpected damage to the heat shield and the design was never fixed.
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And the Inspector General actually says,
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in our judgement, the unexpected behaviour of the heat shield poses a significant risk to the safety of future crewed missions.
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Regardless, NASA and the crew still managed to carry out a grand human achievement by any measure.
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In this episode, we'll see what the point of Artemis II was,
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the mission's objectives, what's in store for the future,
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and we'll also take a look at the messy way that this mission came to be.
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Because rather than a well-thought-out mission to explore the stars,
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it was more of a mission that was shoehorned into existence to create jobs at the behest of US Congress.
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Despite its hurdles, I'm glad this mission existed.
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As much as is going on in the world today,
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missions like Artemis II are one of those rare moments
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that get us to stop for a second
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and collectively appreciate the core ingenuity of humanity and have a fresh appreciation of the planet we all live on.
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Because regardless of how messy the road was to get here,
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what this crew pulled off was extraordinary.
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You are watching cold fusion TV.
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Artemis II is the second out of four missions that NASA had planned.
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Artemis I, the first mission,
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was an unmanned version of the rocket and crew capsule.
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Launched in 2022, its purpose was to test the systems before putting humans out into space.
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We covered that story here.
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And it's a good thing that they did test it first
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because there was a problem with the heat shield on the crew capsule.
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The very heat shield that protected the crew as they returned to Earth.
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It suffered more damage than expected.
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When Artemis 1 splashed down,
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the mission was hailed as a great success.
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But in reality, there were problems with the capsule.
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During the 2022 Artemis I uncrewed test flight,
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Orion's heat shield chipped and cracked when it re-entered the atmosphere.
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So of course, NASA would fix it before putting humans on it, right?
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Well, no. They left the design as is and sent the crew up anyway.
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We'll come back to what happened here later.
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Artemis II is made of two separate vehicles,
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the SLS booster, which is the most powerful human-rated rocket ever made,
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and the Orion spacecraft.
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Each side booster is about the height of a 17-story building,
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so yeah, they're pretty big.
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No matter how many space launches you have seen,
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you've never seen one like this because the space launch system is a vessel unto itself.
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This is a beast.
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Taller than the Statue of Liberty from the base to the tip of the torch,
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well over 300 feet.
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It weighs around six million pounds,
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but that's okay because it can produce about eight million pounds of thrust.
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So where are the astronauts in all of this?
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They're up here.
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That's where you'll find the Orion crew module.
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One more thing, you'll see that upside down ice cream cone up there.
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That is a escape module in a sense,
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a way for the crew to get out.
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Even when this rocket is going thousands of miles an hour,
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it could bring them safely back down to earth.
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Of course, everybody hopes that this doesn't get used,
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that everything falls off as it should properly.
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The names of the astronauts are Reid Wiseman,
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Victor Glover, Christina Cook and Jeremy Hansen.
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The crew didn't land on the moon,
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but instead flew around it.
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We'll talk about the mission objectives in a little bit.
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But this trajectory made it the furthest humans have ever been from Earth,
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beating the record set by the emergency swing around the moon carried out by the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission
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that I previously covered.
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The crew spent about 10 days in space in total.
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The time to travel to the moon was about six days at a speed of 40,000 kilometers an hour.
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When they reached the far side of the moon they spent six hours observing the lunar surface
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and that includes parts of the far side that has has never been seen by humans in person before.
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A touching moment occurred during those six hours when Commander Reed Wiseman requested
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that a feature on the far side of the moon be named Carol after his late wife,
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who he sadly lost in 2020.
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I feel this is a good time to send this down.
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And especially meaningful for this crew is a number of years ago,
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we started this journey in our close-knit astronaut family,
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and we lost a loved one.
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And there's a feature in a really neat place on the moon,
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and it is on the near side, far side boundary.
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In fact, it's just on the near side of that boundary.
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And so at certain times of the moon's transit around Earth,
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you can, we will be able to see this from Earth.
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And so we lost a loved one.
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Her name was Carol.
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The spouse of Reed, the mother of Katie and Ellie.
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And we would like to call her Carol.
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As the crew looped around the moon,
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they used its gravity to pull them back towards Earth.
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And once this was done,
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the gravity from Earth could take over.
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The re-entry was no normal return though.
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Because they'd travelled so far,
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the return velocity was immense,
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way more than a normal space mission.
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They entered the atmosphere at Mark 32,
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which is 32 times the speed of sound,
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40,000 kilometres an hour, or 11 kilometres per second.
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The crew had travelled so rapidly that over the 10 days,
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everyone on Earth had aged 10 to 50 microseconds more than the astronauts in the time they were away,
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and that's due to time dilation.
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As the Orion spacecraft entered the atmosphere,
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the air molecules hitting the surface of the spacecraft became
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so compressed with so much friction
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that it formed a bubble of hot plasma reaching about 2,800 degrees Celsius for minutes at a time.
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To give you an idea,
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just take a look at how intense atmospheric re-entry looks like.
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This footage is from a Soyuz re-entry,
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and they're traveling about 50% slower than the Artemis mission.
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After breaching the atmosphere, the crew parachuted back to Earth and touched down on the Pacific Ocean.
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And with that, the journey of 1.1 million kilometres,
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or 700,000 miles, was over.
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Houston, Tagerty, Splashdown, sending post-landing command now.
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Splashdown confirmed.
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The crew of Artemis II safely home after travelling further from it than anyone who's ever lived.
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Though they'd tested, trained and planned for each step of the mission,
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this day was the most dangerous.
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Re-entry of a new spacecraft with a heat shield
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that nearly failed in a previous test flight and had never carried humans before.
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Okay, so what was the actual point of the mission?
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Well, it wasn't just a risky sightseeing tour.
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There was actual work and experiments to be done.
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But before that, let's hear a word from today's sponsor, Raycon.
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Thanks to Raycon for supporting cold fusion.
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Now, back to the story.
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Let's take a look at those mission objectives.
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There were a few objectives for this specific mission,
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but the main ones were as follows.
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Number one, study the moon's surface and photograph its features.
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The crew even had training from geologists to know what to look for.
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Number two, test the human body in space.
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The testing included the effects of zero gravity and radiation on a mission so remote.
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Comparing information gathered from astronauts before,
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during and after space flight provides a window into what happens to the human body in space.
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But Artemis II will be the first to provide these measurements in deep space.
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In order to do the biological testing,
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there were small human cell chips with integrated circuits to mimic tissue function.
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For the experiment, they used the astronauts' bone marrow.
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They'll compare the effect of cosmic radiation on these cells versus a control.
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Lots of experiments conducted.
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One of them is really fascinating,
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and it includes computer chips that contain the astronauts' bone marrow.
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And there is hope
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that evidence collected from this particular experiment could reshape the practice of medicine here on Earth
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and tell us more about what it would be like to live for a long period of time in deep space.
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The astronauts also tested a new kind of lithium-ion battery and also a radiation shelter,
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which is used in cases of emergency like a solar flare.
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And number three, testing maneuverability.
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While near Earth, crew member,
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Victor Glover, carried out a simulated docking maneuver to see how well the craft performed for future missions.
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We're going to see what the plan is for future missions near the end of the episode,
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but for now, let's come back to that damaged heat shield.
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CBA reports what happened during the testing phase.
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Quote, During the Artemis I mission in 2022,
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the first test flight of the Orion capsule had no humans on board.
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Engineers were shocked to see large cracks
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and chunks missing from the protective heat shield that lines the bottom of the capsule, end quote.
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Basically, the heat shield is actually designed to burn away slightly to take away some of that thermal energy.
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NASA used the same material during the Apollo missions,
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so they opted to use it again.
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But on testing the Artemis I,
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it was coming in so fast that the heat shield sustained unexpected damage.
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There were unpredicted cracks and way too much of the surface was missing.
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In fact, entire chunks were gone.
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Over 100 locations were affected.
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The material's ablative, so it sort of burns away slowly and you expect that,
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but you didn't expect chunks of it to fall away.
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There was a subsequent investigation to find out what happened.
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The suspected cause was from hot gas bubbles being trapped in the heat shield material.
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The pressure from the bubbles eventually damaged the heat shield.
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Remember, these guys are travelling at 11km per second,
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facing temperatures of almost 3000 degrees Celsius,
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or half the surface temperature of the sun.
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So why were the bubbles forming?
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It was later discovered
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that it may have been caused from the way NASA decided to enter the atmosphere during the Artemis 1 test flight.
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The plan was to enter the atmosphere twice,
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once just skimming it to slow the craft down,
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and the second at a steeper angle to actually enter and land.
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The bubbles formed through the skimming stage,
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then heated and exploded during the final re-entry.
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For Artemis II, NASA decided to go with a single re-entry approach.
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After intense testing, including breaking off even more of the heat shield to see what happened,
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they were convinced that the heat shield would perform as designed with the new approach.
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Some former NASA personnel say the trajectory changes may not be enough,
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while other engineers and NASA leaders say the analysis,
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testing, and adjustments do mitigate the risk.
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NASA also decided that since there was a new shield coming for the Artemis 3 mission,
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the delays and extra cost wouldn't be worth it in the long term.
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And Artemis 2 will use the same heat shield design as Artemis 1.
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So as the Orion crew was barreling towards Earth,
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there was a slight air of worry among some of the public that was paying attention.
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Some former astronauts have concerns over safety for this mission.
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Fortunately, all did go well in the end,
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so a sigh of relief could be felt.
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Looking at it from a historical stance,
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Artemis 2 is significant, although it manages to be despite its beginnings and not because of them.
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The SLS rocket, the one that launched Artemis 2,
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is officially called the Space Launch System,
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but some people jokingly call it the Senate Launch System.
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And that's because it wasn't built to meet NASA's needs,
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but it was built to meet Congress's needs.
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Frankly, a big part of the motivation was because it would make a good jobs program.
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The publication, The Conversation, has a great piece written by space historian Emily A.
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Margolis.
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Basically, the story goes like this.
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In 2004, President George W.
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Bush pitched a new vision for space exploration centred around a spacecraft called the Crew Exploration Vehicle.
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It's to develop and test a new spacecraft, the Crew Exploration Vehicle.
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He wanted to see it fly by 2008,
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human missions by 2014, and astronauts on the moon by 2020.
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By 2008, and to conduct the first manned mission no later than 2014.
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George Bush's vision would become the Constellation program.
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But in 2008, the economy imploded.
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I detailed exactly why in this episode.
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But the fact of the matter was that there was no money for NASA.
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It's time to save what we can,
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spend what we must, and live within our means once again.
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For NASA, that means scrapping a $100 billion program proposed by the previous administration of President George W.
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Bush.
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Especially since the first prototype rocket of the Constellation program,
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called Ares-1, was already $3.1 billion over budget.
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The program was axed, but Congress wasn't happy about that.
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As it turns out, NASA provides work for aerospace contractors,
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which preserve jobs in numerous congressional districts.
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There was a vested interest in increasing NASA's budget,
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so Congress demanded that NASA find something that could be shoehorned into a shuttle.
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Now building a space shuttle because you want to create jobs is fine,
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but that meant that the incentives weren't in the right place from a mission point of view.
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And because of that, Congress's rocket was vague.
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It didn't matter what it did,
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it just needed to be able to carry stuff into space.
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There was no clear reasoning for it.
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There wasn't even any specifications of what had to be built.
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The result was the SLS.
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In 2017, NASA was directed by the government to do a moon landing,
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but they couldn't build a moon lander with just 0.47% of the federal budget.
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So, they had to sift through what they already had.
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The Orion capsule was chosen,
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even though it was built back in 2012.
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Now, Orion couldn't land on the moon,
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but it could fly around it,
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so that was good enough.
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So there you go.
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Both the SLS and Orion capsule were picked without a clear goal.
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Their missions ended up being retroactively figured out based on what they could do.
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And to add to all of this,
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there's some concerns about NASA's ambitious goals and internal operations.
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Susan Helms of the Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel has said
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that NASA is stacking too many simultaneous innovations on top of each other.
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She called Artemis 3 high risk.
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The recommendation was for NASA to re-evaluate its mission objectives for the future.
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Speaking of which, let's see what could be in store for future missions.
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So now, with Artemis 2 done, what's next?
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Artemis 3 in 2027 is planned as a low-Earth orbit docking test rather than landing on the Moon itself.
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It will test docking with a commercial lunar lander,
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currently being developed by either SpaceX or Blue Origin.
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Both firms are currently battling to see which company wins the contract.
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Then, in 2028 with Artemis IV,
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NASA plans to finally land on the moon again,
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kicking off regular moon landings every 6 to 12 months.
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Now that sounds wild, but NASA had a similar frequency of moon landings in the late 60s and early 70s era.
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Later in 2028 for Artemis V,
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the early stages of building a permanent moon base will begin.
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Beyond this, NASA plans to develop lunar infrastructure,
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including Lunar communications satellites, rovers like the lunar terrain vehicle,
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the Viper, which will explore for resources,
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and a Japanese rover built by Toyota and the Japanese Aerospace Space Exploration,
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which will be used for missions up to 45 days.
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The name of the rover is unironically called the Toyota Lunar Cruiser.
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I just love that.
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Other goals include solar and nuclear power.
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So I have to be honest,
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the goals are so lofty that this is one of those I'll see it when I believe it situations.
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But the new head of NASA,
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Jared Isaacman, has shaken things up at the government organisation,
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so we'll have to watch this space to see if the historic organisation can turn a corner.
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So in conclusion, although Artemis II was just a stepping stone into a space exploration future,
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it was still very cool to witness,
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especially for a mission created out of cancelled space projects.
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So there you go, that is the whole story of the Artemis II mission,
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and even though it was messy, it still is inspiring.
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with wars, rogue tech overlords,
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economic issues and social division running rampant,
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missions like Artemis 2 is something to be encouraged by.
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We humans are still capable of a lot when we put our minds to something positive.
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Even if you don't care about that,
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we now have some of the most beautiful imagery ever seen for our history books.
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And you can't be mad at that.
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Anyway, that's about it from me.
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Thanks for watching.
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My name is Dagogo and you've been watching ColdFusion and I'll catch you again soon for the next episode.
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Cheers guys.
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Have a good one.
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Cold fusion.
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It's new thinking.
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Contexto & Background
No vídeo "So... What Was the Point of Artemis II?", o apresentador explora a recente missão Artemis II da NASA, que teve como objetivo principal levar humanos a uma distância recorde da Terra. A abordagem é uma combinação de admiração pela tecnologia e um olhar crítico sobre os desafios enfrentados pela missão. O contexto desses desafios e o que está em jogo na exploração espacial fazem desse vídeo uma excelente ferramenta para a prática de conversação em inglês, especialmente no que diz respeito ao vocabulário técnico e à compreensão auditiva de conceitos complexos.
As 5 Principais Frases para Comunicação Diária
- "This stunning picture of Earth was taken with a clarity that we've never seen before." - Essa frase enfatiza a clareza da imagem, ideal para descrever experiências visuais.
- "To put this distance into perspective." - Uma maneira eficaz de ajudar alguém a entender medidas abstratas.
- "The plan is to have regular moon landings every six months by 2028." - Exprime objetivos futuros, útil em contextos de planejamento.
- "This was a crucial step to get there." - Importante para discutir a importância de eventos ou ações específicas.
- "What this crew pulled off was extraordinary." - Uma expressão que valoriza conquistas e pode ser utilizada em diversas situações.
Guia Step-by-step de Shadowing
Para aproveitar ao máximo o vídeo "So... What Was the Point of Artemis II?" e melhorar suas habilidades em shadowing em inglês, siga estas etapas:
- Assistir o Vídeo Inicialmente: Comece assistindo ao vídeo sem legendas, para pegar a pronúncia e entonação.
- Anote Palavras-Chave: Durante a visualização, anote palavras ou frases que você não entende. Tente descobrir o significado pelo contexto.
- Reprodução e Pausa: Reproduza o vídeo novamente, mas pause após cada frase ou ideia para repetir em voz alta. Isso ajudará a solidificar a pronúncia.
- Variação na Repetição: Experimente dizer a frase usando diferentes entonações ou emoções. Isso aprimora sua capacidade de comunicação.
- Reflexão: Após a prática, reflita sobre o que aprendeu e como pode aplicar essas frases em situações cotidianas.
Utilizar a técnica de shadowing é uma maneira eficaz de aprofundar seu aprendizado. Você pode encontrar mais recursos sobre isso no shadowing site que preferir. Incorporar vídeos do YouTube, como este, em sua rotina é uma excelente forma de aprender inglês com youtube e melhorar sua fala.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
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