Prática de Shadowing: Why Gen Z Doesn't Want To Work - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

Take a look at this picture.

It's the Ford assembly line in 1913.

These workers, lined up in rows, placing nuts and bolts on wheels, were working 12 hours a day.

12 hours a day standing in the same spot, repeating the same monotonous task.

Who wouldn't lose their mind doing that?

Well it turns out a lot of them actually did.

Before 1926, reports of Ford assembly line workers getting injured and in the most severe cases, dying, were not uncommon.

Henry Ford needed a way to keep his workers productive without killing them.

After all, dead people can't build cars.

So that year he introduced the 40 hour work week, an 8 hours a day,

5 days a week schedule designed to give his employees enough time to recover and keep their cognitive faculties on the job.

For a century, the 40 hour work week has remained the norm in many developed countries across the globe.

All based on the idea of a single CEO of a car manufacturing company.

And even though technology has continued to make our work ever more efficient, we've only added more hours.

To let the 40 hour workweek persist in the present day is a recipe for angry workers, and for business owners, less profit.

Yes, that's right, not more profit, less.

So why are we still following this outdated protocol?

Why aren't we working 30 or even 20 hours a week like some economists predicted over a century ago?

And what are the better alternatives we need to start establishing?

Ah, the industrial revolution.

The end of many ancient problems, but the start of just about every modern one.

Around 1870, at the dawn of the second industrial revolution, a new household standard was growing.

One income, one homemaker.

We've all heard the story before.

The husband goes into the office for 8 hours, while the wife stays home and cooks, cleans, and runs other necessary errands to keep everything running like a well-oiled machine.

The 40-hour workweek was established during a time when this was the norm, but the world we live in today follows a much different standard.

Among employed US adults aged 25-64 who are married, the total amount of paid work between both partners amounts to 83 hours.

That leaves 12 hours per week for caregiving and only 7 hours for housework, which women still do the majority of.

Now, common sense would tell you

that this surge in paid work among married couples would result

in an economy where everyone has more than enough money to have their basic needs met.

But that has been anything but the case.

Families now contribute far more paid labor than the households the 40 hour work week was originally designed around, yet instead of translating into a ton of more leisure,

much of the financial advantage of that second income has been offset by rising costs in housing, childcare, healthcare, and education.

This seems totally backwards.

If we're producing more than ever before

and families are putting in more paid work than when the 40 hour work week was built around, shouldn't we have eventually gotten to the point where we needed to work less?

Well, there was actually a time when the United States tried to make that happen.

In 1933, Senator Hugo Black and Representative William Connery introduced the Black Connery Bill,

proposing a mandated 30-hour workweek to combat Great Depression-era unemployment.

The Senate passed Black's 30-hour workweek bill 53-30 in a bipartisan vote.

Supporters claimed it would create 6 million jobs.

It was expected to pass the House and Secretary of Labor Francis Perkins was publicly supportive, but business leaders were not.

According to historian Benjamin Hunnicutt in his book Work Without End, instead of looking at the increase in leisure as inevitable or as potentially beneficial,

they feared that if workers got a taste of a 30 hour workweek, they would never want to go back and the law would become permanent.

The wealthiest business owners held emergency meetings in Chicago and Philadelphia, and Perkins, who also supported a federal minimum wage, was flooded with messages of opposition.

This eventually led to President Roosevelt changing his mind about the proposed bill, and support from others for the 30 hour work week collapsed.

Roosevelt was more interested in building out a recovery plan using public works like dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools to supply employment,

stabilize buying power, and help revive the economy.

So what did he do?

He basically said, hey guys, I know you don't want a federally mandated 30 hour work week, so let's compromise.

That compromise eventually became the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which banned most child labor, established a federal minimum wage, and made 40 hours the national benchmark.

Now here's what's really fascinating.

40 hours isn't even a scientifically optimal number.

Research consistently shows that humans can maintain 3 to 4 hours of cognitive focus per day.

After that, our cognitive faculties start getting progressively worse.

So how did this arbitrary number stay unquestioned for so damn long?

The answer has everything to do with what is called the leisure scare.

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The dominant cultural narrative of work in America revolves around the Puritan or Protestant work ethic.

Emerging from the teachings of reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, this philosophy held that work was a moral and even spiritual obligation.

Labor was seen as a way of honoring God, while discipline, diligence, and careful stewardship of one's earning were viewed as a virtuous way of living.

These beliefs were especially influential among the Puritans who settled in North America and helped shape early American attitudes towards work.

In the early 20th century, sociologist Max Weber argued that this cultural mindset played a major role in the rise of modern capitalism.

So rather than treating work as something to minimize, Protestant societies came to regard hard work as a virtue in itself.

And when economists started to predict a future in

which Americans could no longer exercise this virtue with as many hours in a day, business owners and political scientists started to panic.

Most famously, in 1930, British economist John Maynard Keynes gave a lecture in Madrid about the future of work.

John Keynes believed that, by 2030, humanity's greatest challenge would no longer be producing enough wealth, but figuring out how to spend an abundance of free time.

Man, if only.

Assuming governments avoided major policy failures, he predicted that living standards in the west would rise to at least four times their 1930 level within a century.

With technological progress driving extraordinary gains in productivity, Keynes expected the average person to need only about 15 hours of work each week to maintain a comfortable standard of living.

But once we got to 1960, optimism about a future filled with leisure began to give way to unease.

Some scholars started wondering whether people would know what to do with so much unstructured time.

Pulitzer Prize winning political scientist Sebastian de Grazia expressed that concern in an interview with the Associated Press,

warning quote, there is reason to fear that free time, forced free time, will bring on the restless tick of boredom,

idleness, immorality, and increased personal violence.

A decade later the US Interior Department echoed a similar sentiment, stating in a 1974 report that leisure, thought by many to be the epitome of paradise,

may well become the most perplexing problem of the future.

That was the leisure scare, the mid-20th century anxiety that automation would give Americans too much free time.

As I was doing this research, I kept wondering why.

Like, what's the real reason why political scientists and economists would be scared if people had more free time?

You can disagree with me here, but I believe they subconsciously knew deep down that more free time would lead to Americans becoming more than just consumers.

And it turns out some economists and sociologists thought the same thing.

In her book, The Overspent American, Juliette B.

Shore writes about the insidious cycle of work and spend in America.

Here's what it looks like.

Businesses continue producing an endless stream of goods that depend on people buying them.

Advertising fuels demand by promising that each new purchase will bring greater satisfaction or fulfillment.

100

Many households take on debt to afford things that quickly become ordinary, leaving them with larger monthly payments and a greater need to keep working.

101

As the excitement of each purchase fades, another product promises to fill the gap, and the cycle begins all over again.

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Additionally, Shore writes, Many potentially satisfying leisure skills are off-limits because they take too much time.

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Participating in community theater, seriously taking up a sport or a musical instrument, or getting involved with a church or community organization.

104

This is something I touched upon in my video about why Gen Z doesn't have any hobbies.

105

There is a serious time commitment required to actually become skillful in a certain hobby, or spend enough time around people doing something in order to develop relationships with them.

106

Filling every ounce of free time with a consumerist activity is the easiest, most frictionless way to make sure you are never bored,

107

which a lot of us are subconsciously afraid to do partly because that's what this Protestant culture ingrained into our thinking,

108

but also partly because being alone with yourself and facing the looming certainty

109

that you actually have no idea who you are or what you want to do outside of work is terrifying.

110

So what do we do to hide from this fact?

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We talk about leisure as a waste of time.

112

Stop wasting time!

113

Urgency kills!

114

That's how you'll get paid!

115

We promote hustling 24-7.

116

Let me tell you what, when you work for yourself, there's no Christmas, there's no Easter, there's none of that you work for yourself.

117

We make ridiculous claims like this.

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Slaves worked all the hours they were awake for their entire lives.

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in American history, in Egyptian history, in the rest of the world that had slaves, which is most of the world at some given point.

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I think, like, if they can do it, so can I.

121

And all a lot of Gen Z can do by now is just roll their eyes at this type of shit, because by now, we understand how insane it is to be living in a system like this.

122

To have basic tasks done so quickly in a modern office setting

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that most people just sit around for several hours towards the end of the day, but to have your boss still insist you need to be there for

124

that many hours because it looks good on a timesheet is absurd.

125

According to Microsoft's 2024 Work Trend Index, the average knowledge worker now spends 60% of their time communicating through meetings,

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email, and chat, and only 40% creating, with 68% saying they don't have enough uninterrupted focus to do meaningful work.

127

To think we will all become immoral, ill-behaved degenerates if we have more leisure time is statistically false,

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and to prove it, we can now propose what the future could look like if we break away from this flawed system.

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Imagine if you were able to design your own schedule with certain restrictions that your organization sets.

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That's the idea of flex time, a flexible hour schedule where employees choose their start and end times,

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work remotely, or structure their days around their own peak performance hours rather than an arbitrary organizational norm.

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Everyone has different hours during the day when they work best, and everyone has different responsibilities outside of work that take place at different points during the day.

133

FlexTime allows them the freedom that leads to the employee making their best contribution, making both them and their employer happier.

134

Research consistently links flexible scheduling to higher engagement, lower absenteeism, and improved retention.

135

However, I will say that flex time can cause coordination issues, and in jobs that require mutual decision making and collaboration,

136

this type of system could get very bad very quick.

137

So that is why in most cases the best option is to just simply reduce hours to a 32 hour workweek.

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A 32 hour workweek involves the same 8 hour a day structure, but with an entire day taken out of it, so workers would get a 3 day weekend instead of just 2.

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And the evidence for the effectiveness of something like this is overwhelming.

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Across 245 organizations that adopted a 32 hour, 4 day schedule without reducing pay, companies saw higher profits, lower employee turnover,

141

and significant improvements in burnout, stress, anxiety, and overall physical and mental well-being.

142

Microsoft Japan observed similar results, reporting a 40% jump in productivity after moving roughly 2,300 employees to a 4-day workweek with no reduction in salary.

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Another anecdote comes from Iceland.

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Iceland moved a significant portion of its entire workforce into short

145

and weak pilots and found that productivity and service provision either maintained or improved.

146

Roughly 86% of Iceland's working population has since either moved to shorter hours or gained the right to do so.

147

These findings suggest that shorter work weeks succeed because they strip away much of the unnecessary busywork that consumes the modern workday, while giving employees enough time to recover,

148

think more clearly, and ultimately produce higher quality work.

149

But I think that in America, it would take more than just a change in sheer hours

150

employees work per week to start feeling the difference of less work.

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We would have to entirely restructure the way our culture views work.

152

We would have to see leisure as a necessary condition of culture, rather than a barrier to it.

153

And that's exactly what Josef Pieper argues in his book, Leisure, the Basis of Culture.

154

In his book, Pieper posits that the real purpose of work is leisure.

155

If he were alive today, Pieper would believe that our total work culture, that is, working just to work more and working even when we're not working through some other devices,

156

is a form of spiritual death.

157

He believes that this whole idea in our culture that knowledge

158

and wisdom can only be gained through taxing hard work is false.

159

He writes, the inmost significance of the exaggerated value which is set upon hard work appears to be this, man seems to mistrust everything that is effortless.

160

He can only enjoy with a good conscience what he has acquired with toil and trouble.

161

He refused to have anything as a gift.

162

Instead, Pieper thinks that it is precisely in those moments of leisure

163

that we connect to the highest forms of knowledge and go on to produce some of our best cultural works.

164

In other words, when we give our minds the space to wander, to ponder, to be bored, that is when we course correct to make sure we're heading towards a future

165

that is beneficial for the most amount of people.

166

Then he supports an idea I brought up earlier, elites and business owners would be terrified to lessen working hours

167

because then human beings would have the opportunity to actualize their own unique interests.

168

In his most quoted line he states, Leisure is only possible when we are at one with ourselves.

169

We tend to overwork as a means of self-escape, as a way of trying to justify our existence.

170

So like most modern problems, the problem of having an unnecessary 40 hour workweek still persists

171

because the people in power are projecting their fear of having no identity outside of their work onto the general populace.

172

What I love about Gen Z is how much we rebuke the outdated ideas of the old world

173

that are leading to the immense inequality we're seeing right now.

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And I truly believe the more that we start to raise awareness on just how broken the work culture is,

175

the more motivated we will be to take action and start implementing the changes we want to see.

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Before you go, I want to leave you with one final question.

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If your job disappeared tomorrow, who would you be?

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you very much for watching this video.

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If you enjoyed this video, you'll probably like my video on the burnout epidemic and why nobody wants to work anymore.

180

That goes more into burnout and what we're doing with those hours and why it doesn't make any sense.

181

So check that out right here.

182

And now I'm heading out.

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Thank you for watching till the end.

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Goodbye.

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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição

Esta aula de conversação de nível B2 usa o vídeo “Why Gen Z Doesn't Want To Work”. Este vídeo tem 184 frases e 2942 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 15:59. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 184 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. Apenas 81% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.

Vocabulário principal deste vídeo

As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:

Palavra	Pronúncia	Significado
leisure substantivo	/ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/	lazer, ócio
workweek substantivo		semana de trabalho
economist substantivo	/iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/	economista
burnout substantivo	/ˈbɜː(ɹ)naʊt/	esgotamento
strawberry substantivo	/ˈstɹɔˌbɛɹi/	morango
norm substantivo	/nɔːm/	norma
predict verbo	/pɹɪˈdɪkt/	prever
cognitive adjetivo	/ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/	cognitivo
productivity substantivo	/ˌpɹɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/	produtividade
terrify verbo	/ˈtɛɹɪfaɪ/	aterrorizar
outdated adjetivo	/aʊtˈdeɪtɪd/	obsoleto, ultrapassado
flex verbo	/flɛks/	flexionar
arbitrary adjetivo	/ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/	arbitrário, arbitrária
bore verbo	/boɹ/	chatear, aborrecer
virtue substantivo	/ˈvɝt͡ʃu/	virtude

Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir

Palavra	Significado
turn out verbo	terminar
bring up verbo	criar
figure out verbo	descobrir, deduzir
get off verbo	sair
go back verbo	voltar

Frases que vale a pena repetir

Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:

Who wouldn't lose their mind doing that?
We've all heard the story before.
That's how you'll get paid!
If your job disappeared tomorrow, who would you be?

Gramática neste vídeo

As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:

Estrutura	No vídeo
Frases condicionais if + oração, will/would + verbo — uma condição e seu resultado	If he were alive today, Pieper would believe · If your job disappeared tomorrow, who would you · If you enjoyed this video, you'll probably
Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz	was established · was built · was expected
Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora	has remained · has continued · has been
Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa	slaves, which is · value which is

Pronúncia para ficar de olho

O falante usa 23 contrações e formas reduzidas, como we're, you're, doesn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.

Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: leisure /ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/, beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, restriction /ɹɪˈstɹɪkʃən/, coordination /kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃən/, conscience /ˈkɑn.ʃəns/
Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: economist /iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/, productivity /ˌpɹɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/, arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/, beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, unnecessary /ʌnˈnɛs.əˌsɛɹ.i/

Sons difíceis para falantes de português:

Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: economist /iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/, burnout /ˈbɜː(ɹ)naʊt/, predict /pɹɪˈdɪkt/, outdated /aʊtˈdeɪtɪd/, mandate /ˈmændeɪ̯t/
/l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/, optimal /ˈɑptɪməl/, technological /ˌtɛk.nəˈlɑ.dʒɪ.kəl/, inevitable /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbəl/
/h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, hobby /ˈhɑ.bi/

Como praticar com este vídeo

Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como leisure, workweek, economist.

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Técnica de shadowing: leia o guia completo passo a passo →

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