Prática de Shadowing: Why does Japan work so hard? | CNBC Explains - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

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Working long hours is a way of life in Japan.
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So much so that some occasionally die from it.
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Kuroshi is a term that means death by overwork.
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So why are people working so hard and can it be fixed?
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Japan has some of the longest working hours in the world.
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Nearly a quarter of Japanese companies have their employees work more than 80 hours of overtime per month.
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Those extra hours are often unpaid.
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Today, Japan's corporate culture is driven by the so-called salaryman.
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The salaryman is defined by his loyalty to his company and expected to spend his entire career working for the same firm.
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Not only does he work long hours in the office, but it's also assumed he'll participate in after-work activities too, like drinking with colleagues.
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And they're not taking enough time off.
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In 2017, one survey found that despite being entitled to 20 days off per year, Japanese workers left 10 of those days unused,
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used, topping every other country in the survey.
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You don't have to be in the confines of corporate walls to feel the impact of its work culture.
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It's 3 a.m.
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Thursday morning right now in Tokyo.
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I'm in the area of Ginza.
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Every few minutes I see a man wearing a suit holding a briefcase.
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The nation's work ethic dates back to what's referred to as Japan's economic miracle, which was its dramatic economic growth beginning in the 1950s,
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which propelled it to become the world's second largest economy.
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Inside Japan's corporations, the culture emphasizes the success of a company as a whole to be more important than any single individual,
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which might explain why one study found that 63% of Japanese felt guilty for taking paid leave.
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But perhaps more concerning is this.
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Long work hours don't necessarily mean high productivity.
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In fact, Japan has the lowest productivity amongst the G7 nations.
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Earlier I mentioned the term karoshi.
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It means death by overwork.
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It's legally recognized by the government and usually is marked by a heart attack, stroke, or suicide due to stress.
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There's hundreds of cases of karoshi reported annually, although some argue these cases are underreported and that the real number could exceed that by up to 10 times.
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An employee of the advertising firm, Dentsu, jumped to her death in 2015.
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The cause was said to have been depression caused by overwork.
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The case generated widespread attention and renewed calls to change the long working hours and illegal unpaid overtime, highly common in Japan.
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The firm was fined for violating labor standards
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because she was reportedly forced to work more than 100 hours of overtime per month.
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The company's CEO even resigned over the controversy.
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After the death, Dentsu made some changes within the company.
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One of them, the lights in the office now turn off at 10pm every night in an effort to force employees to leave.
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Both the government and companies are now actively trying to reduce the number of working hours here.
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And there are some early signs of hope.
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Japan's government has considered several initiatives to curb the number of hours spent at the office, including making it mandatory to take at least five vacation days a year
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and requiring a rest period between the end of one day and the start of another.
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In 2016, a new holiday, Mountain Day, was started, bringing Japan's number of annual public holidays to 16.
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And in 2017, the government launched an initiative called Premium Fridays,
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in which it encouraged companies to allow their employees to leave at 3 p.m on the last Friday of the month, promoting consumer spending and less time in the office.
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But one study found that less than 4% of employees in Japan actually left early on the first Premium Friday.
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Which is why, despite these initiatives, a cultural challenge still looms.
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Since Japan's culture emphasizes the group over the individual, well, no one wants to be the first one to leave the office.
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And there's another reason that there's pressure on people to work hard.
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Japan's economy is in danger, and in order to maintain its massive size, Japan needs to put in the hours.
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Japan lost its spot as the world's second largest economy to China in 2011, a title that it had previously held for 42 years.
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Japan is dealing with a labor crisis.
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Its population is aging fast, and its birth rate is in decline.
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That means its total population is going down.
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And in the next 50 years, it's projected to shrink by nearly a third.
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The population is expected to go from 127 million in 2015 to just 88 million by 2065.
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There's two likely ways that a nation can compensate for the labor shortage, immigrants or robots.
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Japan has always been less inclined to accept immigrants.
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In fact, its percentage of foreign workers is tiny compared to other nations of large economies.
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So without more immigrants, it's looking to robotics to fill in the gap.
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Its robotics industry has spanned from hospitality to manufacturing, and now even reaching farms by creating robots that melt cows.
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But whether technology could open the door for a better work-life balance for Japan's workforce still remains to be seen.

Contexto & Antecedentes

O vídeo "Por que o Japão trabalha tanto? | CNBC Explica" aborda a intensa carga horária de trabalho no Japão, onde muitos trabalhadores enfrentam a realidade do karoshi, ou "morte por excesso de trabalho". A cultura corporativa japonesa valoriza a lealdade e a dedicação ao emprego, levando a uma situação em que os funcionários frequentemente deixam dias de férias não utilizados e sentem-se culpados ao tirar folga. Além disso, o Japão enfrenta desafios econômicos significativos, como o envelhecimento da população e a concorrência com outras nações, o que intensifica a pressão para ser produtivo e trabalhar mais.

As 5 Principais Frases para Comunicação Diária

  • Karoshi: Um termo que significa morte por excesso de trabalho.
  • Salaryman: Refere-se ao trabalhador típico que é leal à sua empresa.
  • Horas extras: Muitos trabalhadores fazem mais de 80 horas de horas extras não remuneradas por mês.
  • Férias: Mesmo tendo direito a 20 dias de férias, muitos deixam 10 dias não utilizados.
  • Iniciativas do governo: Mudanças recentes visam reduzir a carga horária e incentivar o descanso.

Guia Passo a Passo para Shadowing

Para quem busca aprimorar a prática de conversação em inglês utilizando o método de shadowing, aqui estão algumas dicas eficazes baseadas neste vídeo:

  1. Assista e Ouça: Comece assistindo ao vídeo sem legendas. Tente captar todo o contexto e as informações principais enquanto se familiariza com o sotaque e a pronúncia.
  2. Reproduza em Trechos: Divida o vídeo em partes menores. Ouça uma frase ou um trecho, pause, e repita imediatamente. Isso é essencial para o shadowspeak.
  3. Imite a Entonação: Preste atenção à entonação e à ênfase nas palavras. A prática da entonação correta é crucial para a fluência e compreensão.
  4. Anote Palavras-Chave: Faça uma lista das frases e palavras que mais chamam sua atenção. Isso ajudará a expandir seu vocabulário e compreensão do tema.
  5. Pratique Regularmente: Faça exercícios diários, incorporando novas frases no seu dia a dia. A repetição é chave no shadowing em inglês.

Utilize estes passos para melhorar suas habilidades de conversação em inglês e abra novas portas para a comunicação no ambiente profissional e pessoal. O shadowing não é apenas uma técnica; é um caminho para a fluência e prática consistente!

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.