Prática de Shadowing: Why food is getting more expensive for everyone - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Have you noticed that the price of your groceries has gone up?
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Bread, milk, cheese, eggs are all more expensive, and it's something we're seeing throughout most of the globe.
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So what is behind the price increase?
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The United Nations Food Price Index tracks the monthly change in the price of a basket of food items.
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The five commodities making up this basket are cereals, vegetable oils, sugar, meats and dairy products.
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In March of 2022, the index recorded the highest price levels in its three -decade history.
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It has since come off that high slightly, but is still well above levels seen in previous years.
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The UN body's chief economist warned prices won't be going back to normal anytime soon.
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They will continue increasing because we will not have the regular planting season for these two countries
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and that could have a significant effect in the world.
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The two countries he's referring to here are, unsurprisingly, Russia and Ukraine.
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Russia's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine and rising energy prices are the two main reasons why food is getting more costly.
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But why is food price inflation so widespread?
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Let's take a closer look.
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Prices are really complicated.
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They're shaped by all sorts of things.
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We've had the Ukraine crisis, which has really thrown the world's food system into disarray in some respects.
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Ukraine is one of the bread baskets of Europe.
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It's where we produce lots of our crops.
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Many of those crops have been unable to leave the country.
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And farmers right now in Ukraine are meant to be planting the next season's crops, and they haven't been able to.
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So we can expect these issues to continue as well.
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Ukraine is known for its fertile soils.
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It is a top exporter of sunflower oil, corn and grains.
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Ukraine and Russia combined produce more than a quarter of the global wheat supply.
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So you can understand how disruptions in these markets can cause massive shocks to our global food supply.
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For sure it is becoming a global problem.
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We are talking of around 50 countries
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that have more than 30 % of their imports dependent from Russian Federation
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and Ukraine and of those 20 countries have 50 % of their exports depending on Ukraine.
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For instance, look at some of the countries that are highly dependent on Russia and Ukraine for wheat imports.
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Eritrea, Armenia, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Somalia get more than 90 % of their wheat imports from the two countries alone.
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Distressingly, there's a growing number of analysts, academics and policy makers saying that
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Russia is intentionally weaponizing food supplies as a part of Vladimir Putin's war strategy.
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The fear is that much of the developing world will starve as a result.
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As if that weren't enough to contend with, energy prices were already high before the war.
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The conflict has only made things worse.
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And that has trickled down to your food bill.
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We've seen rising gas prices, and that's increased the cost of fertilizers.
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And many farmers are reliant on these fertilizers, these industrially produced fertilizers, which rely on natural gas for their manufacture.
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So that's edged food prices up.
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Natural gas, which is used as a raw material and fuel for making nitrogen fertilizers, accounts for about 80 % of the production cost.
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With natural gas prices in Europe soaring almost 300 % over the last 12 months, the cost of fertilizers has naturally gone up too.
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Major producers such as China and Russia have also put export bans in place to protect their domestic markets.
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This is adding to the upheaval, affecting the type of crops being planted and the planting season.
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Some crops like wheat, rice and corn, for example, are highly reliant on fertilizers.
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In addition, the demand for alternatives to fossil fuels has led to the growth of biofuels, such as vegetable oils like palm and rapeseed oil.
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As more farmers grow these cash crops, this drives up the prices for other crops competing for a limited amount of land.
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And with inflation going through the roof, some governments have started to impose restrictions on the exports of their energy crops too.
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Towards the end of April, Indonesia, the world's largest exporter of vegetable oil, imposed a three -week ban on the international sales of its palm oil.
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Meanwhile, India also decided to ban exports of wheat, which, you may remember, is a fertilizer -intensive crop.
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Europe's trade chief says these decisions only make the situation worse.
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Countries are starting to take export restrictive measures and we think
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that this is a tendency which can actually only aggravate the problem.
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Financial services company Nomura warned that several major economies will fall into a recession next year.
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You could see recessions in certain countries more likely than others.
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For example, Europe.
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Europe spends a lot more money on food and fuel relative to GDP than for example the US or the UK.
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So it could be that that has a more direct and larger impact on people's ability to spend.
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Expand a little bit on that point.
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Let's step back and explain why this increase in food prices is a problem.
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So it's a problem because it limits the amount of disposable income that people have to spend on other items.
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And if you think about the people who are affected the most,
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it tends to be the poor because they have a much greater spend on those items relative to their total spending.
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So it could be really constraining for those households in particular, but for the economy as a whole.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Why food is getting more expensive for everyone”. As palavras que mais se repetem: price, Ukraine, crop, countries, fertilizer. Este vídeo tem 49 frases e 922 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:52. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 157 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 80% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| crop substantivo | /kɹɑp/ | cultura, cultivo |
| export substantivo | /ˈɛks.pɔɹt/ | exportado |
| wheat substantivo | /ˈwiːt/ | trigo |
| farmer substantivo | /ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/ | agricultor, fazendeiro |
| import substantivo | /ˈɪm.pɔɹt/ | importados |
| basket substantivo | /ˈbæskɪt/ | cesto, cesta |
| vegetable substantivo | /ˈvɛd͡ʒ.tə.bəl/ | legume, hortaliça |
| relative substantivo | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | parente, parenta |
| dependent adjetivo | /dɪˈpɛndənt/ | dependente |
| palm substantivo | /pɑm/ | palma, palma da mão |
| corn substantivo | /ˈkɔːn/ | cereal, grãos |
| inflation substantivo | /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/ | inflação |
| warn verbo | /woɹn/ | avisar, alertar |
| recession substantivo | /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/ | recessão |
| meanwhile advérbio | /ˈmiːnwaɪl/ | ao mesmo tempo, simultaneamente |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| go up verbo | subir | |
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | compensar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | Have you noticed · We've had · have been |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | are meant · is known · being planted |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | crisis, which has · gas, which is · tendency which can |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 7 contrações e formas reduzidas, como we've, haven't, they're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, shock /ʃɔk/, invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒən/, intentionally /ɪnˈtɛn(t)ʃənəli/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, economist /iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/, commodity /kəˈmɑdəti/, intentionally /ɪnˈtɛn(t)ʃənəli/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: crop /kɹɑp/, export /ˈɛks.pɔɹt/, wheat /ˈwiːt/, import /ˈɪm.pɔɹt/, basket /ˈbæskɪt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: vegetable /ˈvɛd͡ʒ.tə.bəl/, meanwhile /ˈmiːnwaɪl/, soil /sɔɪl/, cereal /ˈsɪə.ɹɪ.əl/, fertile /ˈfɝːtəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: household /ˈhaʊshoʊld/, upheaval /ʌpˈhiːvəl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como crop, export, wheat.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.