シャドーイング練習: Why food is getting more expensive for everyone - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Have you noticed that the price of your groceries has gone up?

Bread, milk, cheese, eggs are all more expensive, and it's something we're seeing throughout most of the globe.

So what is behind the price increase?

The United Nations Food Price Index tracks the monthly change in the price of a basket of food items.

The five commodities making up this basket are cereals, vegetable oils, sugar, meats and dairy products.

In March of 2022, the index recorded the highest price levels in its three -decade history.

It has since come off that high slightly, but is still well above levels seen in previous years.

The UN body's chief economist warned prices won't be going back to normal anytime soon.

They will continue increasing because we will not have the regular planting season for these two countries

and that could have a significant effect in the world.

The two countries he's referring to here are, unsurprisingly, Russia and Ukraine.

Russia's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine and rising energy prices are the two main reasons why food is getting more costly.

But why is food price inflation so widespread?

Let's take a closer look.

Prices are really complicated.

They're shaped by all sorts of things.

We've had the Ukraine crisis, which has really thrown the world's food system into disarray in some respects.

Ukraine is one of the bread baskets of Europe.

It's where we produce lots of our crops.

Many of those crops have been unable to leave the country.

And farmers right now in Ukraine are meant to be planting the next season's crops, and they haven't been able to.

So we can expect these issues to continue as well.

Ukraine is known for its fertile soils.

It is a top exporter of sunflower oil, corn and grains.

Ukraine and Russia combined produce more than a quarter of the global wheat supply.

So you can understand how disruptions in these markets can cause massive shocks to our global food supply.

For sure it is becoming a global problem.

We are talking of around 50 countries

that have more than 30 % of their imports dependent from Russian Federation

and Ukraine and of those 20 countries have 50 % of their exports depending on Ukraine.

For instance, look at some of the countries that are highly dependent on Russia and Ukraine for wheat imports.

Eritrea, Armenia, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Somalia get more than 90 % of their wheat imports from the two countries alone.

Distressingly, there's a growing number of analysts, academics and policy makers saying that

Russia is intentionally weaponizing food supplies as a part of Vladimir Putin's war strategy.

The fear is that much of the developing world will starve as a result.

As if that weren't enough to contend with, energy prices were already high before the war.

The conflict has only made things worse.

And that has trickled down to your food bill.

We've seen rising gas prices, and that's increased the cost of fertilizers.

And many farmers are reliant on these fertilizers, these industrially produced fertilizers, which rely on natural gas for their manufacture.

So that's edged food prices up.

Natural gas, which is used as a raw material and fuel for making nitrogen fertilizers, accounts for about 80 % of the production cost.

With natural gas prices in Europe soaring almost 300 % over the last 12 months, the cost of fertilizers has naturally gone up too.

Major producers such as China and Russia have also put export bans in place to protect their domestic markets.

This is adding to the upheaval, affecting the type of crops being planted and the planting season.

Some crops like wheat, rice and corn, for example, are highly reliant on fertilizers.

In addition, the demand for alternatives to fossil fuels has led to the growth of biofuels, such as vegetable oils like palm and rapeseed oil.

As more farmers grow these cash crops, this drives up the prices for other crops competing for a limited amount of land.

And with inflation going through the roof, some governments have started to impose restrictions on the exports of their energy crops too.

Towards the end of April, Indonesia, the world's largest exporter of vegetable oil, imposed a three -week ban on the international sales of its palm oil.

Meanwhile, India also decided to ban exports of wheat, which, you may remember, is a fertilizer -intensive crop.

Europe's trade chief says these decisions only make the situation worse.

Countries are starting to take export restrictive measures and we think

that this is a tendency which can actually only aggravate the problem.

Financial services company Nomura warned that several major economies will fall into a recession next year.

You could see recessions in certain countries more likely than others.

For example, Europe.

Europe spends a lot more money on food and fuel relative to GDP than for example the US or the UK.

So it could be that that has a more direct and larger impact on people's ability to spend.

Expand a little bit on that point.

Let's step back and explain why this increase in food prices is a problem.

So it's a problem because it limits the amount of disposable income that people have to spend on other items.

And if you think about the people who are affected the most,

it tends to be the poor because they have a much greater spend on those items relative to their total spending.

So it could be really constraining for those households in particular, but for the economy as a whole.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Why food is getting more expensive for everyone」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：price, Ukraine, crop, countries, fertilizer。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が49文、単語が922語あります。音声の長さは5:52です。話す速さは1分あたり約157語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は80%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
crop 名詞	/kɹɑp/	作物
export 名詞	/ˈɛks.pɔɹt/	輸出品
wheat 名詞	/ˈwiːt/	小麦
farmer 名詞	/ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/	農夫, 農家
import 名詞	/ˈɪm.pɔɹt/	輸入品
basket 名詞	/ˈbæskɪt/	篭, 籠
vegetable 名詞	/ˈvɛd͡ʒ.tə.bəl/	野菜, 青物
relative 名詞	/ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/	親戚, 身内
dependent 形容詞	/dɪˈpɛndənt/	次第, 依存する
palm 名詞	/pɑm/	手のひら, 掌
corn 名詞	/ˈkɔːn/	穀物
inflation 名詞	/ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/	インフレ, インフレーション
warn 動詞	/woɹn/	警告する, 言い聞かせる
recession 名詞	/ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/	退去, 衰退
meanwhile 副詞	/ˈmiːnwaɪl/	その間に

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
go up 動詞	上がる, 登る

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	Have you noticed · We've had · have been
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	are meant · is known · being planted
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	crisis, which has · gas, which is · tendency which can

注意したい発音

話し手はwe've, haven't, they'reなど、短縮形や弱形を7回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, shock /ʃɔk/, invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒən/, intentionally /ɪnˈtɛn(t)ʃənəli/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, economist /iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/, commodity /kəˈmɑdəti/, intentionally /ɪnˈtɛn(t)ʃənəli/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, rely /ɹɪˈlaɪ/, cereal /ˈsɪə.ɹɪ.əl/, industrially /ɪnˈdʌs.tɹɪ.ə.li/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: vegetable /ˈvɛd͡ʒ.tə.bəl/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒən/, intensive /ɪnˈtɛnsɪv/, restrictive /ɹɪˈstɹɪktɪv/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: farmer /ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/, inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/, fossil /ˈfɑsl̩/, fertile /ˈfɝːtəl/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。crop, export, wheatなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Why food is getting more expensive for everyone - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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