シャドーイング練習: What makes art so expensive? | CNBC Explains - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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How do you put a dollar value on a piece of art like this?
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Or this? Or this?
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It’s a billion-dollar question.
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Well, more than that actually.
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It's estimated around $50 billion in art was sold worldwide last year.
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Compared to stocks or commodities it’s hard to measure how much art is worth.
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Why? For many the value of art lies in the eye of the beholder.
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Meaning one piece of art could be worth a lot to one person and nothing to someone else.
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You can get a sense of the ranging valuations of art in just one gallery.
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From one piece costing in the thousands of dollars.
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All the way to a Picasso in the millions.
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What makes a Picasso worth millions?
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One reason is simple economics: Supply and demand.
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Wealthy art buyers, whether they’re Picasso enthusiasts or investors looking for a place to store their money, all want to get their hands on a Picasso. But there are only so many Picassos left in the world.
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The supply shortage drives up prices as buyers outbid each other.
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So sales in the high-end art market come from a select group of in-demand artists whose work, like Picasso’s, is considered scarce.
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The most expensive pieces of art sold across sectors last year were from artists who are no longer alive.
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Even in contemporary art, 25 artists accounted for nearly half of public art auction sales in the first six months of 2017.
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Put another way, the art market is like the professional golf market.
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A handful of professional golfers make a lot of money, millions of dollars, when they win.
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But there are many more golfers in the field who earn just a fraction of those winnings.
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The price for a piece of art isn’t just about the artist’s reputation.
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There are other factors at play, like the art’s size and genre, its condition, the prices of similar pieces and where the work has been exhibited.
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Art Fairs, like Frieze here in London, are an important venue for new buyers and they're likely to stay that way.
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Sales at art fairs hit an estimated $13 billion in 2016, an increase of 57% since 2010.
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But half of art dealers in one survey said the costs associated with exhibiting at art fairs are a top business concern.
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This piece sold for around $20,000 and that’s considered a good value.
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Even new buyers willing to spend thousands of dollars can be put off by the idea that they need to spend millions to be part of an exclusive club of art collectors.
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It’s the million dollar buyers generating headline after headline of record sales in the art industry.
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The top end of the art market is dominated by a select group of players who are pretty private about their business.
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Which can make it tricky to value how much they’re actually spending on art.
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More and more art sales are conducted in private which attracts high net worth investors.
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These wealthy buyers are also lured by tax breaks for art donations or the prospect of making big returns on a piece of art.
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Galleries, dealers and auction houses can be tempted to cater to high-end clients who pay millions of dollars for art, and who keep coming back, instead of to the average Joe.
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You can see this trend in a chart showing the value of art sales, the total dollar amount, versus the volume of sales, the number of transactions, in global fine art auctions last year.
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Art that sold for more than $1 million accounted for nearly half of the market’s value in less than 1% of transactions.
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China has been driving a lot of the growth in high-end art sales since the financial crisis as it mints new millionaires and billionaires looking for places to invest their money.
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China ranks third in global art sales after the U.K. and the U.S., and those three countries combined make up 81% of global sales by value.
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Just because some art costs millions doesn’t mean you have to pay that much.
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A worthwhile investment can be art that you like for just a couple of bucks.
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Hey guys, it's Elizabeth. Thanks so much for watching.
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Check out more of our videos over here.
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We're also taking your suggestions for future CNBC Explains so leave your ideas in the comments section.
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And while you're at it, subscribe to our channel.
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See you!
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このB2レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「What makes art so expensive?」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：sales, dollar, piece, value, buyers。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が45文、単語が736語あります。 音声の長さは4:26です。 話す速さは1分あたり約166語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 単語の85%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| buyer 名詞 | /ˈbaɪ.əɹ/ | 買い手, 購買者 |
| golfer 名詞 | /ˈɡɒlfə(ɹ)/ | ゴルファー |
| investor 名詞 | /ɪnˈvɛs.tə(ɹ)/ | 投資家, 出資者 |
| headline 名詞 | /ˈhɛd.laɪn/ | 見出し, 標題 |
| dealer 名詞 | /ˈdiːlə(ɹ)/ | ディーラー, 商人 |
| enthusiast 名詞 | /ɪnˈθuːziˌæst/ | 愛好家 |
| scarce 形容詞 | /ˈskɛɚs/ | 稀, 珍しい |
| millionaire 名詞 | /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/ | 大富豪, 百万長者 |
| billionaire 名詞 | /ˌbɪl.jəˈnɛɚ/ | 億万長者, ビリオネア |
| commodity 名詞 | /kəˈmɑdəti/ | 商品, 品 |
| dominate 動詞 | /ˈdɑ.məˌneɪt/ | 治める, 統べる |
| shortage 名詞 | /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/ | 不足, 欠損 |
| collector 名詞 | /kəˈlɛk.tɚ/ | 集める人, 収集家 |
| mint 名詞 | /mɪnt/ | 薄荷, ミント |
| tricky 形容詞 | /ˈtɹɪk.i/ | 狡猾な |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| check out 動詞 | 試験する, 検査する |
| come back 動詞 | 戻る, 帰る |
| put off 動詞 | 延期する |
注意したい発音
話し手はthey're, doesn't, isn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を7回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: enthusiast /ɪnˈθuːziˌæst/, worthwhile /ˌwɜː(ɹ)θˈwaɪl/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: valuation /ˌvæ.ljuːˈeɪ.ʃən/, shortage /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, donation /doʊˈneɪʃən/, genre /ˈ(d)ʒɑnɹə/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: enthusiast /ɪnˈθuːziˌæst/, millionaire /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/, valuation /ˌvæ.ljuːˈeɪ.ʃən/, commodity /kəˈmɑdəti/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: golfer /ˈɡɒlfə(ɹ)/, dealer /ˈdiːlə(ɹ)/, millionaire /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/, worthwhile /ˌwɜː(ɹ)θˈwaɪl/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: investor /ɪnˈvɛs.tə(ɹ)/, valuation /ˌvæ.ljuːˈeɪ.ʃən/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: golfer /ˈɡɒlfə(ɹ)/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, handful /ˈhæn(d)fʊl/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。buyer, golfer, investorなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。