シャドーイング練習: The problem of education inequality | CNBC Reports - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Malcolm X once said that “Education is the passport to the future.” But what if some passports are better than others, giving the holder access to better schools and teachers and, in turn, a more prosperous future?

These inequalities have been around long before Covid-19, and yet, the pandemic has both exacerbated them and made them more visible.

While the standard of education varies greatly globally, education inequality happens at the local level in all countries.

For example, only four out of every 100 children in Africa is expected to enter a graduate and postgraduate institution, compared to 14 out of 100 in South and West Asia and 36 out of 100 in Latin America.

Even in developed countries, the quality of schooling can differ greatly, whether rich or poor.

High national wealth then, is no guarantee of high equality.

The U.K., Germany and the U.S. are among the richest countries in the world, but all three rank poorly on an educational inequality league table of 41 of the world’s richest countries.

By the middle of secondary school, educational inequalities are worse than in other countries with much smaller economies such as Latvia, Spain and Estonia.

However, research has shown that child development is linked with income.

Unsurprisingly, the U.S. and the U.K. have some of the highest levels of income inequality among OECD countries.

In the U.K., there has been a significant lack of social mobility since 1945.

As wealth inequality has remained high, there hasn’t been much change in how well British children are doing at school.

In a 2019 report by the education coalition Fair Education Alliance, pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds in the U.K. lag their peers by more than 8 months in reading, writing and maths by age 11.

Children from persistently disadvantaged backgrounds are 22 months behind, by the time they finish their school career. Small progress has been made in helping some children almost beat the odds and overcome the barriers that face them but the systemic underlying factors of our education system still remain, which mean we’re not ever reaching the most persistently disadvantaged.

So, what are the contributing factors of education inequality among children?

According to Unicef, a child’s educational progress is linked to their family background.

What kind of jobs the parents have or whether the child is a first generation immigrant can affect the likelihood of them continuing into higher education.

Inequality between genders is also apparent from a young age and tends to grow as children get older.

Reading abilities among girls are generally better than boys by the age of nine and, in turn, that discrepancy is more likely to continue in education beyond secondary school.

And finally, which school you go to can have a significant impact on your academic performance.

In many countries, the debate on inequality in education is seen through the prism of private schools versus state schools.

The U.K. is home to some very famous private schools like Eton College and Harrow School, behind me.

Of the 55 British prime ministers, nearly half were educated at just these two schools, along with prominent actors, writers, scientists and royalty from across the world.

To compare, the entire state school education in England of a young person starting from nursery costs an average of around $96,000. The annual school fees at Harrow, however, cost around $56,000 for just one year of a child’s tuition.

But even that is dwarfed by private schools in Switzerland such as Le Rosey which costs more than $135,000 per year.

Many believe that private education is at the root of inequality and reduces the chances for those children who attend state schools.

The statistics tell us that educational privilege provides significant advantages and opens many doors.

In the U.K., nearly a third of members of parliament, two-thirds of the country’s top doctors and 74% of judges were privately educated. The exam results also reflect the disparity.

In 2019, 45.7% of students at private schools in the U.K.

got A* or As in their final year exams compared to the national average of 25.5%.

But there are some state funded schools that buck that trend.

This is Mulberry School for Girls in east London.

It’s located in one of the most disadvantaged areas in the city, yet the exam performance of students here is well above national average.

Vanessa Ogden is the headteacher here, and for the last 15 years, has been instrumental in seeing many of her pupils overturn the odds.

As a headteacher, how do you, in your role, help to tackle education inequality?

The first really important way is to have students leave with a really great set of qualifications and really great destinations to either university or apprenticeships and so that’s the driving force, but of course, inequality brings with it many structural difficulties in your life.

But while the pupils at Mulberry School have outperformed their peers for many years, the Covid-19 pandemic may have undone much of that work.

We know from the research that Covid-19 has disproportionately affected people of Black, Asian and minority ethnic background and those are the families mainly that we serve and so not only has there been real difficulty around finance and resources, but also real difficulty around health. The very first thing that reared its head was period poverty, female students not being able to get sanitary products.

We hadn’t realized that really in a way schools are the providers of some of those things.

Stationery as well. So if you don’t have money or if the shops are shut and you don’t have stationery in the home.

And we lent out all the devices that we could, so that they could learn at home.

In terms of the reasons why Covid-19 has exacerbated the disadvantage gap, one big reason is the digital divide, but it’s also a resource divide in general.

So some families might not have access to laptops to access online learning.

They might not have a lot of space. The little progress we have made over the last ten years is likely to have been reversed by lockdown. So what was already a dire situation has been turned into quite a crisis.

The pandemic also highlighted another aspect of education inequality: private tuition.

By mid-April, there were nationwide school closures in more than 190 countries, affecting more than 1.5 billion learners.

This led to an unprecedented demand for online teaching.

Some online tutoring platforms saw the number of daily users increase by 1,125% in two weeks.

In Singapore, there have even been calls to ban the private tuition industry in an attempt to close the achievement gap.

The Covid-19 pandemic also impacted students in the U.K. progressing to university.

Due to exams being canceled during the lockdown, results were given based on an algorithm, that critics claimed dragged dow high-achieving pupils in low-achieving schools, compounding the inequalities they face.

The Department of Education and the exam boards initially responded by claiming there was no bias, whether on the grounds of deprivation, gender or ethnicity.

However, they eventually reversed their decision, with grades instead estimated by the students’teachers.

So, what can be done to reduce educational inequalities both here and around the world?

A former Singaporean education minister said in 2018 that there should be a broader definition of merit to recognize a wider range of skills.

We should double up on meritocracy, broaden its definition to embrace various talents and skills. We should not cap achievement at the top, but try harder, work harder, to lift the bottom.

The Fair Education Alliance also believes there is too much reliance on exams and that education should be more holistic to include building aptitude and values.

We want an education system which develops skills and social and emotional competencies alongside academic attainment, we want teachers and leaders to be rewarded for serving the most disadvantaged students, we want to engage parents and communities from all backgrounds in the education system and we want to prepare young people for what comes after school.

Education is a way out of difficult situations. It’s also a means of moving yourself up the tree in terms of prosperity, and not just financial prosperity but also your kind of spiritual and cultural prosperity as well.

It’s also the case that a policy that works in one country or region may not work in another.

Economic inequality, however, is likely to grow due to the Covid 19 pandemic.

This means that creating better education systems is increasingly important so that a child’s starting point in life doesn’t determine their future.

You have to be an optimist, otherwise you’d pack up and go home in education, you know, you have to believe there is hope.

Hi guys. Thanks for watching our video.

I’d like to know how your schooling has affected your future.

What are the education systems like in the country you live in?

Comment below the video to let us know, and remember, subscribe.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が67文、単語が1492語あります。音声の長さは8:50です。話す速さは1分あたり約169語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は81%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくるやや難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/ (名詞) — 不平等. A condition or state (of social, cultural, or legal matters) that is not equal; especially, such a condition that is thereby also unfair.
disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/ (名詞) — 不利. A weakness or undesirable characteristic; con; drawback.
pupil /ˈpjuːpəl/ (名詞) — 学童, 児童. A learner at a school under the supervision of a teacher.
compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (動詞) — 比べる, 比較する. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
skill /skɪl/ (名詞) — 腕, 技. A capacity to do something well; a technique, an ability, usually acquired or learned, as opposed to abilities that are regarded as innate.
difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/ (名詞) — 難しさ. The state of being difficult, or hard to do.
examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ (名詞) — 診察, 検査. The act of examining.
tuition /tjuːˈɪʃən/ (名詞) — 教育. The training or instruction provided by a teacher or tutor.
prosperity /pɹɑˈspɛɹ.ɪ.ti/ (名詞) — 繁栄. The condition of being prosperous: having good fortune and a fortune.
odd /ɑd/ (形容詞) — 変な, 奇異な. Differing from what is usual, ordinary or expected.
achievement /əˈt͡ʃiːv.mənt/ (名詞) — 達成, 到達. The act of achieving or performing; a successful performance; accomplishment.
greatly /ˈɡɹeɪ̯t.li/ (副詞) — 大いに. To a great extent or degree.
peer /pɪɹ/ (名詞) — 同輩. Somebody who is, or something that is, at a level or of a value equal (to that of something else).
divide /dɪˈvaɪd/ (動詞) — 分割する, 分ける. To split or separate (something) into two or more parts.
passport /ˈpæspɔɹt/ (名詞) — パスポート, 旅券. An official document normally used for international journeys, which proves the identity and nationality of the person for whom it was issued.

動画に出てくる句動詞

see through (動詞) — 見通す, 透視する. To perceive visually through something transparent.

注意したい発音

話し手はdon't, doesn't, hadn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を8回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, ethnicity /ɛθˈnɪsɪti/
「sh」と「zh」の音: examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, tuition /tjuːˈɪʃən/, stationary /ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛɹi/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, destination /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, prosperity /pɹɑˈspɛɹ.ɪ.ti/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。inequality, disadvantage, pupilなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have been · has shown · has been
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	is expected · is linked · has been made

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: The problem of education inequality | CNBC Reports - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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