Pratique du Shadowing: Why food is getting more expensive for everyone - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Have you noticed that the price of your groceries has gone up?
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Bread, milk, cheese, eggs are all more expensive, and it's something we're seeing throughout most of the globe.
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So what is behind the price increase?
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The United Nations Food Price Index tracks the monthly change in the price of a basket of food items.
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The five commodities making up this basket are cereals, vegetable oils, sugar, meats and dairy products.
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In March of 2022, the index recorded the highest price levels in its three -decade history.
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It has since come off that high slightly, but is still well above levels seen in previous years.
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The UN body's chief economist warned prices won't be going back to normal anytime soon.
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They will continue increasing because we will not have the regular planting season for these two countries
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and that could have a significant effect in the world.
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The two countries he's referring to here are, unsurprisingly, Russia and Ukraine.
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Russia's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine and rising energy prices are the two main reasons why food is getting more costly.
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But why is food price inflation so widespread?
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Let's take a closer look.
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Prices are really complicated.
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They're shaped by all sorts of things.
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We've had the Ukraine crisis, which has really thrown the world's food system into disarray in some respects.
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Ukraine is one of the bread baskets of Europe.
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It's where we produce lots of our crops.
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Many of those crops have been unable to leave the country.
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And farmers right now in Ukraine are meant to be planting the next season's crops, and they haven't been able to.
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So we can expect these issues to continue as well.
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Ukraine is known for its fertile soils.
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It is a top exporter of sunflower oil, corn and grains.
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Ukraine and Russia combined produce more than a quarter of the global wheat supply.
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So you can understand how disruptions in these markets can cause massive shocks to our global food supply.
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For sure it is becoming a global problem.
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We are talking of around 50 countries
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that have more than 30 % of their imports dependent from Russian Federation
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and Ukraine and of those 20 countries have 50 % of their exports depending on Ukraine.
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For instance, look at some of the countries that are highly dependent on Russia and Ukraine for wheat imports.
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Eritrea, Armenia, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Somalia get more than 90 % of their wheat imports from the two countries alone.
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Distressingly, there's a growing number of analysts, academics and policy makers saying that
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Russia is intentionally weaponizing food supplies as a part of Vladimir Putin's war strategy.
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The fear is that much of the developing world will starve as a result.
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As if that weren't enough to contend with, energy prices were already high before the war.
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The conflict has only made things worse.
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And that has trickled down to your food bill.
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We've seen rising gas prices, and that's increased the cost of fertilizers.
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And many farmers are reliant on these fertilizers, these industrially produced fertilizers, which rely on natural gas for their manufacture.
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So that's edged food prices up.
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Natural gas, which is used as a raw material and fuel for making nitrogen fertilizers, accounts for about 80 % of the production cost.
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With natural gas prices in Europe soaring almost 300 % over the last 12 months, the cost of fertilizers has naturally gone up too.
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Major producers such as China and Russia have also put export bans in place to protect their domestic markets.
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This is adding to the upheaval, affecting the type of crops being planted and the planting season.
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Some crops like wheat, rice and corn, for example, are highly reliant on fertilizers.
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In addition, the demand for alternatives to fossil fuels has led to the growth of biofuels, such as vegetable oils like palm and rapeseed oil.
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As more farmers grow these cash crops, this drives up the prices for other crops competing for a limited amount of land.
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And with inflation going through the roof, some governments have started to impose restrictions on the exports of their energy crops too.
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Towards the end of April, Indonesia, the world's largest exporter of vegetable oil, imposed a three -week ban on the international sales of its palm oil.
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Meanwhile, India also decided to ban exports of wheat, which, you may remember, is a fertilizer -intensive crop.
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Europe's trade chief says these decisions only make the situation worse.
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Countries are starting to take export restrictive measures and we think
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that this is a tendency which can actually only aggravate the problem.
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Financial services company Nomura warned that several major economies will fall into a recession next year.
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You could see recessions in certain countries more likely than others.
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For example, Europe.
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Europe spends a lot more money on food and fuel relative to GDP than for example the US or the UK.
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So it could be that that has a more direct and larger impact on people's ability to spend.
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Expand a little bit on that point.
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Let's step back and explain why this increase in food prices is a problem.
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So it's a problem because it limits the amount of disposable income that people have to spend on other items.
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And if you think about the people who are affected the most,
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it tends to be the poor because they have a much greater spend on those items relative to their total spending.
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So it could be really constraining for those households in particular, but for the economy as a whole.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « Why food is getting more expensive for everyone ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : price, Ukraine, crop, countries, fertilizer. Cette vidéo contient 49 phrases et 922 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:52. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 157 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 80 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| crop nom | /kɹɑp/ | récolte |
| export nom | /ˈɛks.pɔɹt/ | exportation |
| wheat nom | /ˈwiːt/ | blé |
| farmer nom | /ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/ | agriculteur, fermier |
| import nom | /ˈɪm.pɔɹt/ | importation |
| basket nom | /ˈbæskɪt/ | panier |
| vegetable nom | /ˈvɛd͡ʒ.tə.bəl/ | légume |
| relative nom | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | parent |
| dependent adjectif | /dɪˈpɛndənt/ | dépendant |
| palm nom | /pɑm/ | paume |
| corn nom | /ˈkɔːn/ | maïs |
| inflation nom | /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/ | inflation |
| warn verbe | /woɹn/ | avertir, alerter |
| recession nom | /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/ | récession |
| meanwhile adverbe | /ˈmiːnwaɪl/ | pendant ce temps-là, entretemps |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| go up verbe | monter, s'élever | |
| come off verbe | se détacher, se décoller | |
| make up verbe | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | constituer, composer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | Have you noticed · We've had · have been |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are meant · is known · being planted |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | crisis, which has · gas, which is · tendency which can |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 7 contractions et formes réduites, comme we've, haven't, they're. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, shock /ʃɔk/, invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒən/, intentionally /ɪnˈtɛn(t)ʃənəli/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, economist /iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/, commodity /kəˈmɑdəti/, intentionally /ɪnˈtɛn(t)ʃənəli/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: household /ˈhaʊshoʊld/, upheaval /ʌpˈhiːvəl/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: vegetable /ˈvɛd͡ʒ.tə.bəl/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, nitrogen /ˈnaɪ.tɹə.d͡ʒən/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: crop /kɹɑp/, export /ˈɛks.pɔɹt/, farmer /ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/, import /ˈɪm.pɔɹt/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme crop, export, wheat.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.