Pratique du Shadowing: Why does Japan work so hard? | CNBC Explains - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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61 phrases
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Working long hours is a way of life in Japan.
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So much so that some occasionally die from it.
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Kuroshi is a term that means death by overwork.
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So why are people working so hard and can it be fixed?
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Japan has some of the longest working hours in the world.
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Nearly a quarter of Japanese companies have their employees work more than 80 hours of overtime per month.
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Those extra hours are often unpaid.
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Today, Japan's corporate culture is driven by the so-called salaryman.
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The salaryman is defined by his loyalty to his company and expected to spend his entire career working for the same firm.
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Not only does he work long hours in the office, but it's also assumed he'll participate in after-work activities too, like drinking with colleagues.
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And they're not taking enough time off.
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In 2017, one survey found that despite being entitled to 20 days off per year, Japanese workers left 10 of those days unused,
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used, topping every other country in the survey.
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You don't have to be in the confines of corporate walls to feel the impact of its work culture.
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It's 3 a.m.
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Thursday morning right now in Tokyo.
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I'm in the area of Ginza.
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Every few minutes I see a man wearing a suit holding a briefcase.
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The nation's work ethic dates back to what's referred to as Japan's economic miracle, which was its dramatic economic growth beginning in the 1950s,
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which propelled it to become the world's second largest economy.
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Inside Japan's corporations, the culture emphasizes the success of a company as a whole to be more important than any single individual,
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which might explain why one study found that 63% of Japanese felt guilty for taking paid leave.
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But perhaps more concerning is this.
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Long work hours don't necessarily mean high productivity.
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In fact, Japan has the lowest productivity amongst the G7 nations.
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Earlier I mentioned the term karoshi.
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It means death by overwork.
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It's legally recognized by the government and usually is marked by a heart attack, stroke, or suicide due to stress.
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There's hundreds of cases of karoshi reported annually, although some argue these cases are underreported and that the real number could exceed that by up to 10 times.
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An employee of the advertising firm, Dentsu, jumped to her death in 2015.
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The cause was said to have been depression caused by overwork.
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The case generated widespread attention and renewed calls to change the long working hours and illegal unpaid overtime, highly common in Japan.
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The firm was fined for violating labor standards
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because she was reportedly forced to work more than 100 hours of overtime per month.
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The company's CEO even resigned over the controversy.
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After the death, Dentsu made some changes within the company.
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One of them, the lights in the office now turn off at 10pm every night in an effort to force employees to leave.
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Both the government and companies are now actively trying to reduce the number of working hours here.
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And there are some early signs of hope.
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Japan's government has considered several initiatives to curb the number of hours spent at the office, including making it mandatory to take at least five vacation days a year
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and requiring a rest period between the end of one day and the start of another.
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In 2016, a new holiday, Mountain Day, was started, bringing Japan's number of annual public holidays to 16.
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And in 2017, the government launched an initiative called Premium Fridays,
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in which it encouraged companies to allow their employees to leave at 3 p.m on the last Friday of the month, promoting consumer spending and less time in the office.
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But one study found that less than 4% of employees in Japan actually left early on the first Premium Friday.
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Which is why, despite these initiatives, a cultural challenge still looms.
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Since Japan's culture emphasizes the group over the individual, well, no one wants to be the first one to leave the office.
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And there's another reason that there's pressure on people to work hard.
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Japan's economy is in danger, and in order to maintain its massive size, Japan needs to put in the hours.
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Japan lost its spot as the world's second largest economy to China in 2011, a title that it had previously held for 42 years.
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Japan is dealing with a labor crisis.
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Its population is aging fast, and its birth rate is in decline.
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That means its total population is going down.
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And in the next 50 years, it's projected to shrink by nearly a third.
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The population is expected to go from 127 million in 2015 to just 88 million by 2065.
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There's two likely ways that a nation can compensate for the labor shortage, immigrants or robots.
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Japan has always been less inclined to accept immigrants.
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In fact, its percentage of foreign workers is tiny compared to other nations of large economies.
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So without more immigrants, it's looking to robotics to fill in the gap.
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Its robotics industry has spanned from hospitality to manufacturing, and now even reaching farms by creating robots that melt cows.
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But whether technology could open the door for a better work-life balance for Japan's workforce still remains to be seen.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau B2 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Why does Japan work so hard? ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : Japan, employee, culture, overwork, overtime. Cette vidéo contient 61 phrases et 857 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:55. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 174 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 86 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| overwork nom | /ˈəʊvəˌwɜːk/ | surmenage |
| overtime nom | /ˈoʊ.vɚˌtaɪm/ | prolongation |
| immigrant nom | /ˈɪmɪɡɹənt/ | immigrant, immigrante |
| karoshi nom | /kəˈɹəʊʃi/ | karoshi |
| salaryman nom | /ˈsæl.əɹ.i.mæn/ | salaryman |
| robotics nom | /ɹoʊˈbɑ.tɪks/ | robotique |
| emphasize verbe | /ˈɛm.fə.saɪz/ | souligner, accentuer |
| unpaid adjectif | /ʌnˈpeɪd/ | impayé |
| productivity nom | /ˌpɹɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/ | productivité |
| briefcase nom | /ˈbɹiːfˌkeɪs/ | portefeuille, serviette |
| confine verbe | /ˈkɑnfaɪn/ | confiner |
| propel verbe | /pɹəˈpɛl/ | propulser, catapulter |
| unused adjectif | /ʌnˈjuzd/ | inutilisé |
| renew verbe | /ɹɪˈnjuː/ | renouveler |
| violate verbe | /ˈvaɪəˌleɪt/ | violer, transgresser |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| go down verbe | descendre |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | be fixed · is driven · is defined |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has considered · has always been · has spanned |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 5 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, he'll, I'm. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: karoshi /kəˈɹəʊʃi/, shortage /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: salaryman /ˈsæl.əɹ.i.mæn/, productivity /ˌpɹɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/, hospitality /ˌhɑ.spɪˈtæl.ə.ti/, reportedly /ɹɪˈpɔːtɪdli/, mandatory /ˈmæn.dəˌtɔɹ.i/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: immigrant /ˈɪmɪɡɹənt/, karoshi /kəˈɹəʊʃi/, salaryman /ˈsæl.əɹ.i.mæn/, robotics /ɹoʊˈbɑ.tɪks/, productivity /ˌpɹɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme overwork, overtime, immigrant.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.