Pratica di Shadowing: Why does Japan work so hard? | CNBC Explains - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Working long hours is a way of life in Japan.
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So much so that some occasionally die from it.
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Kuroshi is a term that means death by overwork.
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So why are people working so hard and can it be fixed?
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Japan has some of the longest working hours in the world.
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Nearly a quarter of Japanese companies have their employees work more than 80 hours of overtime per month.
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Those extra hours are often unpaid.
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Today, Japan's corporate culture is driven by the so-called salaryman.
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The salaryman is defined by his loyalty to his company and expected to spend his entire career working for the same firm.
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Not only does he work long hours in the office, but it's also assumed he'll participate in after-work activities too, like drinking with colleagues.
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And they're not taking enough time off.
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In 2017, one survey found that despite being entitled to 20 days off per year, Japanese workers left 10 of those days unused,
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used, topping every other country in the survey.
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You don't have to be in the confines of corporate walls to feel the impact of its work culture.
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It's 3 a.m.
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Thursday morning right now in Tokyo.
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I'm in the area of Ginza.
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Every few minutes I see a man wearing a suit holding a briefcase.
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The nation's work ethic dates back to what's referred to as Japan's economic miracle, which was its dramatic economic growth beginning in the 1950s,
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which propelled it to become the world's second largest economy.
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Inside Japan's corporations, the culture emphasizes the success of a company as a whole to be more important than any single individual,
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which might explain why one study found that 63% of Japanese felt guilty for taking paid leave.
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But perhaps more concerning is this.
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Long work hours don't necessarily mean high productivity.
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In fact, Japan has the lowest productivity amongst the G7 nations.
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Earlier I mentioned the term karoshi.
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It means death by overwork.
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It's legally recognized by the government and usually is marked by a heart attack, stroke, or suicide due to stress.
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There's hundreds of cases of karoshi reported annually, although some argue these cases are underreported and that the real number could exceed that by up to 10 times.
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An employee of the advertising firm, Dentsu, jumped to her death in 2015.
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The cause was said to have been depression caused by overwork.
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The case generated widespread attention and renewed calls to change the long working hours and illegal unpaid overtime, highly common in Japan.
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The firm was fined for violating labor standards
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because she was reportedly forced to work more than 100 hours of overtime per month.
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The company's CEO even resigned over the controversy.
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After the death, Dentsu made some changes within the company.
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One of them, the lights in the office now turn off at 10pm every night in an effort to force employees to leave.
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Both the government and companies are now actively trying to reduce the number of working hours here.
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And there are some early signs of hope.
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Japan's government has considered several initiatives to curb the number of hours spent at the office, including making it mandatory to take at least five vacation days a year
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and requiring a rest period between the end of one day and the start of another.
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In 2016, a new holiday, Mountain Day, was started, bringing Japan's number of annual public holidays to 16.
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And in 2017, the government launched an initiative called Premium Fridays,
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in which it encouraged companies to allow their employees to leave at 3 p.m on the last Friday of the month, promoting consumer spending and less time in the office.
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But one study found that less than 4% of employees in Japan actually left early on the first Premium Friday.
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Which is why, despite these initiatives, a cultural challenge still looms.
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Since Japan's culture emphasizes the group over the individual, well, no one wants to be the first one to leave the office.
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And there's another reason that there's pressure on people to work hard.
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Japan's economy is in danger, and in order to maintain its massive size, Japan needs to put in the hours.
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Japan lost its spot as the world's second largest economy to China in 2011, a title that it had previously held for 42 years.
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Japan is dealing with a labor crisis.
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Its population is aging fast, and its birth rate is in decline.
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That means its total population is going down.
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And in the next 50 years, it's projected to shrink by nearly a third.
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The population is expected to go from 127 million in 2015 to just 88 million by 2065.
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There's two likely ways that a nation can compensate for the labor shortage, immigrants or robots.
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Japan has always been less inclined to accept immigrants.
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In fact, its percentage of foreign workers is tiny compared to other nations of large economies.
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So without more immigrants, it's looking to robotics to fill in the gap.
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Its robotics industry has spanned from hospitality to manufacturing, and now even reaching farms by creating robots that melt cows.
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But whether technology could open the door for a better work-life balance for Japan's workforce still remains to be seen.
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Informazioni su questa lezione
In questa lezione, esploreremo il tema del duro lavoro in Giappone attraverso il video "Perché il Giappone lavora così duramente?". Prenderemo spunto da aneddoti e statistiche per comprendere come la cultura del lavoro in Giappone influenzi la vita quotidiana degli individui. Durante la pratica, ci concentreremo su specifiche espressioni e vocaboli che ci aiuteranno a discutere argomenti legati al lavoro, alla produttività e agli stili di vita. Questa lezione offrirà un'opportunità unica per esercitarsi nel shadowspeak e migliorare le proprie capacità di conversazione in inglese.
Vocabolario e frasi chiave
- Karoshi: morte per sovraccarico di lavoro.
- Salaryman: un impiegato giapponese tipico, noto per la sua fedeltà all'azienda.
- Orario di lavoro: le lunghe ore di lavoro che i giapponesi affrontano.
- Produttività: misura dell'efficienza lavorativa, di particolare interesse poiché il Giappone ha la più bassa produttività tra le nazioni G7.
- Iniziativa: programmi governativi per ridurre le ore di lavoro, come il “Premium Friday”.
- Tempo libero: si riferisce ai giorni di ferie che molti lavoratori giapponesi non utilizzano.
- Emigrazione: tema centrale per affrontare la crisi lavorativa in Giappone.
Consigli per la pratica
Per massimizzare i benefici della tua pratica di conversazione in inglese, segui questi consigli durante l'osservazione del video:
- Shadowing: prova a ripetere immediatamente dopo che l'oratore ha detto qualcosa. Questo ti aiuterà a lavorare sulla tua pronuncia e intonazione, migliorando così la tua abilità nel shadowing in inglese.
- Ascolta attentamente il ritmo della voce dell'oratore. Pronuncia le parole con la stessa velocità per creare una fluidità naturale nel tuo parlato.
- Pausa il video e annota frasi che consideri interessanti o difficili. Prova a usarle in conversazioni future o a memorizzarle per migliorare il tuo vocabolario.
- Utilizza il materiale come un punto di partenza per discussioni più ampie su temi di cultura lavorativa, produttività e stili di vita. Questo non solo ti aiuterà a migliorare il tuo inglese, ma amplificherà anche la tua comprensione culturale.
Infine, ricorda che la pratica costante è fondamentale. Utilizza risorse come site di shadow speak per esercitarti regolarmente e migliorare la tua abilità di comunicazione. Buona pratica!
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | be fixed · is driven · is defined |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has considered · has always been · has spanned |
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.