Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Why food is getting more expensive for everyone
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Have you noticed that the price of your groceries has gone up?
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Bread, milk, cheese, eggs are all more expensive, and it's something we're seeing throughout most of the globe.
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So what is behind the price increase?
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The United Nations Food Price Index tracks the monthly change in the price of a basket of food items.
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The five commodities making up this basket are cereals, vegetable oils, sugar, meats and dairy products.
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In March of 2022, the index recorded the highest price levels in its three -decade history.
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It has since come off that high slightly, but is still well above levels seen in previous years.
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The UN body's chief economist warned prices won't be going back to normal anytime soon.
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They will continue increasing because we will not have the regular planting season for these two countries
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and that could have a significant effect in the world.
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The two countries he's referring to here are, unsurprisingly, Russia and Ukraine.
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Russia's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine and rising energy prices are the two main reasons why food is getting more costly.
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But why is food price inflation so widespread?
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Let's take a closer look.
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Prices are really complicated.
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They're shaped by all sorts of things.
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We've had the Ukraine crisis, which has really thrown the world's food system into disarray in some respects.
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Ukraine is one of the bread baskets of Europe.
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It's where we produce lots of our crops.
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Many of those crops have been unable to leave the country.
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And farmers right now in Ukraine are meant to be planting the next season's crops, and they haven't been able to.
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So we can expect these issues to continue as well.
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Ukraine is known for its fertile soils.
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It is a top exporter of sunflower oil, corn and grains.
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Ukraine and Russia combined produce more than a quarter of the global wheat supply.
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So you can understand how disruptions in these markets can cause massive shocks to our global food supply.
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For sure it is becoming a global problem.
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We are talking of around 50 countries
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that have more than 30 % of their imports dependent from Russian Federation
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and Ukraine and of those 20 countries have 50 % of their exports depending on Ukraine.
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For instance, look at some of the countries that are highly dependent on Russia and Ukraine for wheat imports.
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Eritrea, Armenia, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Somalia get more than 90 % of their wheat imports from the two countries alone.
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Distressingly, there's a growing number of analysts, academics and policy makers saying that
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Russia is intentionally weaponizing food supplies as a part of Vladimir Putin's war strategy.
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The fear is that much of the developing world will starve as a result.
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As if that weren't enough to contend with, energy prices were already high before the war.
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The conflict has only made things worse.
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And that has trickled down to your food bill.
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We've seen rising gas prices, and that's increased the cost of fertilizers.
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And many farmers are reliant on these fertilizers, these industrially produced fertilizers, which rely on natural gas for their manufacture.
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So that's edged food prices up.
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Natural gas, which is used as a raw material and fuel for making nitrogen fertilizers, accounts for about 80 % of the production cost.
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With natural gas prices in Europe soaring almost 300 % over the last 12 months, the cost of fertilizers has naturally gone up too.
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Major producers such as China and Russia have also put export bans in place to protect their domestic markets.
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This is adding to the upheaval, affecting the type of crops being planted and the planting season.
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Some crops like wheat, rice and corn, for example, are highly reliant on fertilizers.
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In addition, the demand for alternatives to fossil fuels has led to the growth of biofuels, such as vegetable oils like palm and rapeseed oil.
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As more farmers grow these cash crops, this drives up the prices for other crops competing for a limited amount of land.
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And with inflation going through the roof, some governments have started to impose restrictions on the exports of their energy crops too.
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Towards the end of April, Indonesia, the world's largest exporter of vegetable oil, imposed a three -week ban on the international sales of its palm oil.
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Meanwhile, India also decided to ban exports of wheat, which, you may remember, is a fertilizer -intensive crop.
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Europe's trade chief says these decisions only make the situation worse.
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Countries are starting to take export restrictive measures and we think
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that this is a tendency which can actually only aggravate the problem.
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Financial services company Nomura warned that several major economies will fall into a recession next year.
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You could see recessions in certain countries more likely than others.
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For example, Europe.
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Europe spends a lot more money on food and fuel relative to GDP than for example the US or the UK.
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So it could be that that has a more direct and larger impact on people's ability to spend.
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Expand a little bit on that point.
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Let's step back and explain why this increase in food prices is a problem.
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So it's a problem because it limits the amount of disposable income that people have to spend on other items.
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And if you think about the people who are affected the most,
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it tends to be the poor because they have a much greater spend on those items relative to their total spending.
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So it could be really constraining for those households in particular, but for the economy as a whole.
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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Bài luyện nói này dựa trên video “Why food is getting more expensive for everyone”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: price, Ukraine, crop, countries, fertilizer. Video này có 49 câu và 922 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 5:52. Người nói nói với tốc độ tự nhiên, khoảng 157 từ mỗi phút, gần với hội thoại hằng ngày. Chỉ 80% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất, nên từ vựng khá khó.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ đáng học trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| wheat danh từ | /ˈwiːt/ | lúa mì |
| farmer danh từ | /ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/ | nông dân |
| import danh từ | /ˈɪm.pɔɹt/ | nhập khẩu |
| basket danh từ | /ˈbæskɪt/ | giỏ, rổ |
| vegetable danh từ | /ˈvɛd͡ʒ.tə.bəl/ | rau |
| relative danh từ | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | họ hàng, người thân |
| palm danh từ | /pɑm/ | gan bàn tay, lòng bàn tay |
| corn danh từ | /ˈkɔːn/ | ngô |
| inflation danh từ | /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/ | (sự) tăng giá, lạm phát |
| warn động từ | /woɹn/ | cảnh báo |
| recession danh từ | /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/ | sự suy sút, sự suy thoái |
| complicated tính từ | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | phức tạp |
| egg danh từ | /ɛɡ/ | trứng |
| shock danh từ | /ʃɔk/ | choáng, ngạc nhiên |
| soil danh từ | /sɔɪl/ | đất |
Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe
| Từ | Nghĩa |
|---|---|
| go up động từ | lên |
Ngữ pháp trong video
Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:
| Cấu trúc | Trong video |
|---|---|
| Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại | Have you noticed · We've had · have been |
| Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm | are meant · is known · being planted |
| Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật | crisis, which has · gas, which is · tendency which can |
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 7 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ we've, haven't, they're. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, shock /ʃɔk/, invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒən/, intentionally /ɪnˈtɛn(t)ʃənəli/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, economist /iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/, commodity /kəˈmɑdəti/, intentionally /ɪnˈtɛn(t)ʃənəli/
Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:
- Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: export /ˈɛks.pɔɹt/, import /ˈɪm.pɔɹt/, dependent /dɪˈpɛndənt/, warn /woɹn/, household /ˈhaʊshoʊld/
- Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: vegetable /ˈvɛd͡ʒ.tə.bəl/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒən/, nitrogen /ˈnaɪ.tɹə.d͡ʒən/
- Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: basket /ˈbæskɪt/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, analyst /ˈænəlɪst/, planting /ˈplæntɪŋ/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như wheat, farmer, import.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.