Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Why is Singapore so rich? | CNBC Explains
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Singapore is a tiny country, so tiny you can drive across the island in just an hour.
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Despite its size and lack of natural resources, Singapore’s 5.6 million people enjoy one of the highest average incomes in the world, ahead of countries like Germany, France and Japan.
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So, how did this little island get so rich?
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Singapore doesn’t have resources like coal or oil but it does have something countries can’t buy, location.
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The island sits in the middle of an important trade route connecting Asia to Europe.
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That’s a key reason why the British decided, back in 1819, to set up a colony in Singapore.
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Location isn’t everything though.
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There are several countries nearby that could have made use of their whereabouts, but they weren’t quite as successful.
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That’s because there are other ingredients that go into this crazy rich Singapore recipe.
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I’m at the Raffles Hotel, which is one of the most prominent icons of Singapore’s colonial history.
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Unlike some of its neighbors, which wanted to separate themselves from their colonial histories, Singapore kept close ties with Britain, even after independence in 1965.
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That decision announced to the rest of the world that Singapore was open for business.
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That’s important because we know now that exports help to grow and expand an economy.
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But back then, it wasn’t conventional wisdom.
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Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea, became known as the four Asian tigers, which have grown rapidly since the 1960s.
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Their rise was fueled by exports, industrialization and more crucially, big doses of government intervention.
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This was especially true for Singapore.
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Labor strikes were common on the island in the 1960s, even with high unemployment.
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On top of that, there was a housing crisis, with Singapore being home to one of the largest slum settlements in the world.
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So how do you build a more disciplined labor force to attract investment?
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Well, you give them something to work for, like a house of their own, which is why one of the first Singapore government agencies set up was focused on building affordable public housing.
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While just nine percent of the population lived in public housing in the 1960s, that figure stands at more than 80 percent today, add in greater employer rights and strikes became extremely rare.
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At the same time, the government attracted foreign investment through tax incentives, growing the economy and easing unemployment, which fell from an estimated 14 percent in 1959 to 4.5 percent in the 1970s.
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By the 1980s, Singapore was a regional manufacturing hub, and it was the world’s biggest producer of hard disk drives.
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But today, manufacturing makes up only about 20 percent of Singapore’s GDP.
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Take a look at Singapore’s growth in GDP.
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You can see two big surges, one beginning in the late 80s and another at the start of the new millennium.
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Ironically, Singapore has a downturn to thank for that.
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You see, in 1985, Singapore went into its first post-independence recession, prompting the government to introduce new measures.
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State-owned companies like telecommunications were privatized to make them more competitive.
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Then at the turn of the century, service industries like finance and insurance were further liberalized.
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That openness helped to grow the share of services from just 24 percent of GDP in 1985 to more than 70 percent in 2017.
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Multinational companies began to set up regional headquarters in Singapore.
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That attracted even bigger players, boosting Singapore’s attractiveness to corporates and in turn its GDP.
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Now, Singapore is ranked as one of the world’s easiest places to do business.
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Singapore has been praised for transforming itself from a developing to a developed economy.
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But do most Singaporeans feel rich?
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Well, not exactly.
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Two of the most important reasons?
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The high cost of living and inequality.
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For five years in a row, Singapore has been named the world’s most expensive city, ahead of New York and London.
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That’s largely because of taxes on cars, making Singapore the most expensive place in the world to buy and run an automobile.
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It’s also the third most expensive place on Earth to buy clothes.
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But personal care, household goods and domestic help in Singapore tend to be less expensive than in other major cities.
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While Singapore is rich in terms of GDP per capita, the median monthly salary is $3,270.
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That doesn’t sound too bad, but about 20 percent of that goes into a mandatory savings account.
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You can use that account to pay for medical bills, housing and education, but it does restrict the purchasing power of the population.
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You’ve probably heard of the movie Crazy Rich Asians, which was set here in Singapore.
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And it’s no wonder.
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Because Singapore has about 184,000 millionaires, making it truly the land of the crazy rich.
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That’s great news.
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But Singapore also has a fairly high rate of inequality, compared with other developed countries.
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Let’s look at the Gini coefficient, which is a scale used to calculate inequality, with zero being the most equal and one being the least.
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Singapore’s Gini coefficient, after accounting for taxes and transfers, was 0.356 in 2017.
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That was worse than countries like the United Kingdom, Japan, Korea and Germany, although it fared better than some, like the United States.
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Is that number really that bad?
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That question had books like this flying off the shelves.
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A think tank ignited public debate on the divide in social classes, after it found that on average, Singaporeans who live in public housing have fewer than one friend who lives in private housing.
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The government has called the issue of inequality a national priority, but it remains to be seen if it is a problem that can be tackled effectively.
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Hi everyone, it's Xin En. Thanks for watching!
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If you want to watch more of our videos, click here and here.
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As always feel free to leave any suggestions for future videos in our comments section.
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That's all for now, don't forget to subscribe and see you next time.
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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Bài luyện nói trình độ B2 này dựa trên video “Why is Singapore so rich?”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: Singapore, percent, housing, rich, Gdp. Video này có 63 câu và 981 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 6:37. Người nói giữ tốc độ đều, khoảng 148 từ mỗi phút, vừa sức để nói đuổi theo. 83% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất; phần còn lại nên xem trước khi luyện.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ khó nhất trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| inequality danh từ | /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/ | bất bình đẳng, không bình đẳng |
| coefficient danh từ | /ˌkoʊ.ɪˈfɪʃənt/ | hệ số |
| colonial tính từ | /kəˈloʊ.njəl/ | thực dân |
| ignite động từ | /ɪɡˈnaɪt/ | đốt |
| industrialization danh từ | /ɪnˌdʌstɹɪəlɪˈzeɪʃən/ | sự công nghiệp hoá |
| privatize động từ | /ˈpɹaɪvətaɪz/ | tư nhân hoá |
| telecommunication danh từ | /ˌtɛləkəˌmjunɪˈkeɪʃən/ | viễn thông |
| millennium danh từ | /mɪˈlɛnɪəm/ | thiên niên kỷ |
| millionaire danh từ | /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/ | triệu phú |
| ingredient danh từ | /ɪnˈɡɹiːdi.ənt/ | thành phần |
| restrict động từ | /ɹɪˈstɹɪkt/ | hạn chế |
| recession danh từ | /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/ | sự suy sút, sự suy thoái |
| calculate động từ | /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/ | tính toán, tính |
| fare danh từ | /ˈfɛə/ | tiền xe, tiền đò |
| automobile danh từ | /ˈɔː.tə.məˌbil/ | xe hơi, ô tô |
Ngữ pháp trong video
Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:
| Cấu trúc | Trong video |
|---|---|
| Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm | was fueled · was focused · were privatized |
| Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật | Hotel, which is · tigers, which have · own, which is |
| Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại | have grown · has been praised · has been named |
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 9 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ doesn't, can't, don't. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: coefficient /ˌkoʊ.ɪˈfɪʃənt/, crucially /ˈkɹuːʃəli/, industrialization /ɪnˌdʌstɹɪəlɪˈzeɪʃən/, telecommunication /ˌtɛləkəˌmjunɪˈkeɪʃən/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, coefficient /ˌkoʊ.ɪˈfɪʃənt/, industrialization /ɪnˌdʌstɹɪəlɪˈzeɪʃən/, liberalize /ˈlɪbəɹəlaɪz/, telecommunication /ˌtɛləkəˌmjunɪˈkeɪʃən/
Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:
- Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: coefficient /ˌkoʊ.ɪˈfɪʃənt/, whereabouts /ˌ(h)wɛəɹəˈbaʊts/, ingredient /ɪnˈɡɹiːdi.ənt/, restrict /ɹɪˈstɹɪkt/, prompt /pɹɑmpt/
- Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: calculate /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/, transform /tɹænsˈfɔɹm/, mandatory /ˈmæn.dəˌtɔɹ.i/, tackle /ˈtækəl/
- Phụ âm cuối — bật rõ âm cuối của từ: coefficient /ˌkoʊ.ɪˈfɪʃənt/, ignite /ɪɡˈnaɪt/, liberalize /ˈlɪbəɹəlaɪz/, privatize /ˈpɹaɪvətaɪz/, whereabouts /ˌ(h)wɛəɹəˈbaʊts/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Nói đuổi từng câu ở tốc độ bình thường, lặp lại mỗi câu đến khi nhịp của bạn khớp với người nói.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như inequality, coefficient, colonial.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.