Практика Shadowing: Massimo Pigliucci - Philosophy of Ecology & the Environment - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Massimo, everybody's talking about the environment, particularly climate change.
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We have diversity of species.
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That's a concern.
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What can a philosopher of biology bring to this social debate?
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Yes, everybody's talking about the environment, but not many people are doing something about the environment.
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That's the problem.
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Philosophical approaches to the issue of the environment, preservation of the environment, or the relationship that we should have toward environment can take a number of forms.
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In philosophy of science, for instance, you could ask the question of whenever scientists propose a approach to, let's say, climate change, to ameliorate climate change,
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is that approach sound in terms of the relationship between the theory and the data?
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This is a typical thing that philosophers do, right?
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That's important because some people disagree.
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Correct.
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So, a philosopher can come in and help clarifying the conceptual underpinnings of
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that whole approach before you even actually get to the empirical evidence per se.
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The other thing that a philosopher can contribute is a clarification of, a conceptual clarification of the entire issue of,
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you know, what do we care about the environment in the first place?
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What kind of values should we be considering?
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For instance, sometimes you hear people saying that planet Earth would be better off without human beings.
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Right?
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That strikes me as somewhat bizarre kind of thinking, not only because it's self-destructive in a sense,
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and it doesn't seem to take seriously the amount of suffering that that sort of outcome would imply, but also because without human beings, as far as we know,
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there is no concept of value and the environment doesn't have value.
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When you say the environment is better off or the planet will be better off, the planet is not the kind of thing that is better off or worse off.
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We are better off or worse off if we do certain things as opposed to other things.
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So there is sometimes even just basic levels of confusion about
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what does it mean to have this debate in the first place.
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And then of course the third The third one is the issue of ethics.
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That's not really philosophy of science.
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It's more moral philosophy.
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But when it comes to how much interference with the environment is going to cost in terms of suffering,
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in terms of resources, in terms of how should we prioritize things, who is going to benefit from what kind of course of action,
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those are all ethical questions that don't have an obvious empirical answer.
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You can't do the experiment and figure it out.
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So climate in general and the environment in general are really,
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I would think, the kind of problems that is ideally situated for a positive, constructive interaction between different parties.
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And some of those parties, I would think, would have to be philosophers of science and ethicists.
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One theory that has been gaining at least public attention is so-called long-termism,
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says that in our allocation of resources in our considerations, we need to now weight future generations,
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not the ones that are 50 and 100 years, but the ones that might be a million or 10 million years.
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And so even if you use whatever discounted weighted average of the value of a future generation to now,
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you have a great preponderance of responsibility.
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So if you're really thinking ethically and morally, you really should think of those future generations.
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Other people criticize that because that could lead to various either excuses
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or real decisions to impoverish people today because of some long-term thinking.
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But these are hard questions.
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Perhaps they are.
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My take on long-termism is the one that Jeremy Bentham,
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the founder of utilitarianism, famously had used in different contexts, and that's it.
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Nonsense on stilts.
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There's a very high level of nonsense.
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Why?
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Because the problem with long-termism is precisely that we have no idea what's going to happen that many generations down the road.
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And anybody who claims that they do, it's either fooling themselves or trying to fool others.
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That's a general problem, I think, ironically, with the utilitarian approach to ethics.
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So the utilitarian approach is based on this notion
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that we need to look at the consequences and only at the consequences of our actions.
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Not your intentions, not general kind of rules like a deontologist would do, but only at the consequences.
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Well, yes, but the problem is what is the stopping rule?
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Consequences up until what?
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One generation, two, five, ten, a million?
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And there is no answer to that question.
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No utilitarian that I know of has ever actually come up with an answer with a stopping rule of some sort.
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So technically you want to go on an infinitum at least until the the end of the universe.
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Well, good luck with that, first of all.
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Second of all, it becomes an issue of epistemology.
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Human systems are chaotic systems in the technical sense of the term.
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That is, they are highly dependent on initial conditions, which means that even if you think of human societies as deterministic systems, which they probably are,
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there is no way to tell with any precision what's going to happen just even a few generations
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or a few cycles down the road, let alone tens of thousands or millions of cycles?
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So in theory, it may be good in practicality.
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It has no value.
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It's entirely impractical.
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And therefore, it seems to me that ethics is nothing if not practical or should be nothing if not practical.
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So if we're talking about things that are in theory valuable, but in fact, you cannot do anything about it, I really don't think we should be wasting our time.
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So how do you then allocate the different kinds of philosophical approaches to weigh on the issue of ecology and the environment?
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What are the different categories?
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You said ethical, but ethical limited to our generation and our children's generation?
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Yeah, I think that from an ethical perspective,
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we should act in pretty much the way in which we act at a level of personal decision making.
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When you make decisions that have ethical import, who do you have in mind?
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Usually your own generation and the next one.
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Maybe two generations that are about.
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And the reason for that, again, is not because you don't care about potential human beings in the distant future.
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It's just because you don't know.
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You have no idea what's going to happen there.
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And therefore, it's useless to sort of worry yourself with that sort of stuff.
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In a sense, we are Markov chain kinds of systems.
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It's one step at a time.
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And we're not going to be able to look more than two or three steps down the road.
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And therefore, we should be focused on what we can look at
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and then hope
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that the next generation who is going to be able to extend the chain by another one
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or two steps is going to try to do the same or try to do their best.
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The one or two steps we have right now are really serious ones.
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They're very serious.
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So it's enough to worry about that one.
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We already don't have much of an idea of how to solve the problem now in the immediate.
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So I would really not waste much time thinking 10,000 generations down the road.
Почему стоит практиковать разговор с этим видео?
В видео с Массимо Пиглюдой обсуждаются важные аспекты философии экологии и окружающей среды, что создает уникальный контекст для практики разговорного английского. Понимание этих тем не только увеличивает ваш словарный запас, но и развивает способность вести содержательные беседы. Используя метод shadow speak, вы сможете работать над своей интонацией и эмоциональным восприятием, а также научитесь обсуждать сложные социальные и этические вопросы, что делает вашу речь более выразительной и уверенной.
Грамматика и выражения в контексте
- “We have diversity of species.” — Эта структура подчеркивает простое использование настоящего времени для описания фактов. Такие выражения помогают учить грамматику прогрессивно.
- “Is that approach sound in terms of the relationship…” — Вопросительная форма используется для проверки аргументов. Это полезная конструкция для ведения дебатов.
- “What kind of values should we be considering?” — Открытые вопросы помогают углубиться в тему и развивают навыки формулирования мыслей. Они очень полезны в практике разговорного английского.
- “How much interference with the environment is going to cost…” — Эта форма выражает условие и оценку, что особенно важно для обсуждения экспертов в любой области.
Общие ловушки произношения
Некоторые слова и фразы могут быть затруднительными для произношения. Например, слова “environment” и “philosopher” часто вызывают затруднения из-за их длины и характерного сочетания звуков. Уделяйте внимание акцентам, чтобы улучшить произношение английского. Рекомендуется использовать метод shadowspeak, чтобы практиковать сложные слова и избежать типичных ошибок.
Для успешного овладения английским необходимо регулярно обращаться к таким материалам, как это видео, и внедрять их в свою практику. Используйте его не только для улучшения произношения английского, но и для глубокого понимания презентации мыслей и аргументации. Это поможет вам в будущем избегать сложностей в общении.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.