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Alrighty folks, today we're going to talk about how the United States

and China ended up in the situation that we currently find ourselves, where China is supposedly a rising power with this burgeoning global economy,

и в итоге Китай оказался в той ситуации, в которой мы находимся сейчас, когда Китай считается растущей державой с бурно развивающейся глобальной экономикой.

and how they went from a backwater into the chief geopolitical enemy of the United States.

и как они превратились из глухой провинции в главного геополитического противника Соединенных Штатов.

So if you go back a couple of decades, we were told this comforting fairy tale about China.

We were told that if we welcomed China into the global economy, that if we invested in their factories and handed them our technology and opened our university and gave them capital

And if they, you know, integrated into that, rules -based international order.

That China would eventually become more like us.

It would become more democratic, more free.

It would follow the Soviet path.

It would open up economically, and then it would open up politically.

Some people were calling this approach constructive engagement.

Others were calling it democratic peace.

Again, the idea was sort of that if a McDonald's was in a country, then it would turn somehow non -authoritarian.

That prosperity would bring moderation, and that wealth would eventually bring about peace.

Well, not so much.

Not so much.

Communist Party never accepted the idea of American hegemony.

They viewed America as an enemy.

In fact, they viewed and view American might as a symbol of Chinese surrender and a form of national embarrassment.

America, creating what the economic historian Neil Ferguson has called Chimerica, was not actually welcomed by China in the name of peace or democracy or liberalism.

It was an opportunity that China could exploit.

China used its increased wealth to build the most sophisticated surveillance state in human history, expand military power, terrorize their own population, ingest populations like Hong Kong,

and unleash a novel coronavirus that shut down the world and killed several million people.

As we all saw during President Trump's latest visit to Beijing, the history of that relationship is still being written today.

But we should go back in time and figure out exactly how he got here.

So to answer that question, we have to go back about a century before Mao, before Nixon, before the Cold War, to a China that was weak and fractured and humiliated.

So before World War II, China was extremely impoverished, very unstable, definitely not a sort of unitary country.

And it was reeling from a century of what the CCP now calls an era of humiliation.

Dominant European powers that had carved up some territory.

Japan had invaded, taken over Manchuria.

Warlords fighting for control.

in the middle of China that was basically between Shanghai Sheck, who was the leader of the Nationalist Party, and the Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong.

So Mao Zedong was a Western -educated elite who came back to China as a communist

and decided he was going to impose communism top -down by force.

Now, during World War II, Shanghai Sheck and Mao Zedong, they were supposed to get together and form a unified front against the Japanese.

They didn't do that.

Basically, Mao Zedong ran off into the wilderness with his buddies, Zetong watched all of that happen.

He had already been largely defeated by Chiang Kai -shek, so he was out in the hinterlands.

And then after World War II, the West decided that Mao had to be treated with care by Chiang Kai -shek.

And the United States backed Chiang during the fight against the Japanese.

But as conflict began to rise between Chiang and the Maoist communists, the United States and the West basically backed off and decided that Chiang couldn't win.

So Mao's communists eventually seized control of mainland China in 1949.

went over to Taiwan and the Taiwanese island became an independent government.

The United States basically accepted that.

This was called the loss of China by critics of Harry Truman.

The suggestion was that there should have been a harder push for Chang and against Mao under Truman's tutelage, which is probably true.

It's probably true, especially because China then proceeded to fund the communist takeover of North Korea and the invasion of South Korea.

China ended up obviously supporting the Viet Cong.

China was a nefarious communist force in the region for decades, and they continue to be a nefarious authoritarian force in the region today.

Meanwhile, inside China, Mao Zedong, having taken total control of the Chinese territory, decided it was time to kill several tens of millions of people.

See, here's the thing.

Mao is not just another authoritarian ruler.

He wasn't like Ceausescu in Romania or something.

He was one of the greatest mass murderers in all of human history.

Maybe the greatest mass murderer in all of human history.

It is astonishing that Mao is not treated with significantly more disdain than he has been treated.

It is still considered totally okay to carry around Mao's little red book which truly should be treated.

Like Mein Kampf in the public mind.

Mal is responsible for the death of legitimately somewhere between 30 and 60 million people.

After the Chinese Communist Party seized power in 1949, following that Chinese Civil War, Mao transformed China into a full -blown Marxist dictatorship.

It was modeled largely on the Soviet Union.

There were sort of Chinese characteristics that would later lead to conflict with the Soviet Union.

Private property was abolished.

Industry was nationalized.

Political dissent was totally crushed.

Religion was persecuted.

The press became totally state propaganda.

Millions of people were swallowed up by the machinery of communist terror.

That was just at the beginning.

And then about 10 years in, Mao decided it was time to modernize.

Just as Lenin and Stalin decided in the Soviet Union, that this meant heavy industry, Mao decided the same.

The problem, of course, is that China was a largely agrarian country.

And so Mao decided that it was time to centralize all property, and it was time for everyone to be forced into the future.

And when we say forced, I mean at point of gun, at point of starvation.

Mao told people, that because they had raw quotas of things like steel production, they should take their household implements and melt them down into lumps of useless iron.

The result was that between 1958 and 1962, Mao's regime was responsible for the deaths of somewhere between 30 and 45 million people.

That is not a typo.

Tens of millions of people starved to death because of communist central planning.

One of the worst catastrophes in all of human history, a man -made famine designed by the Maoist government.

It was a centrally planned economic campaign so catastrophically stupid that it triggered one of the deadliest famines in recorded human history.

Not because of the climate, not because there were problems with agriculture, but because of the collectivization.

Because he forced peasants at point of gun into giant communes,

and then again demanded absurd steel production quotas in farms that turned entire villages into useless backyard smelting operations.

Literally, people were taking their plows and melting them down to make lumps of ore.

We'll get to more on this in just one second.

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105

But Mao wasn't done.

106

In 1966, he launched the so -called Cultural Revolution.

107

Again, he was a devotee of the idea of perpetual revolution.

108

that the communist revolution could never cease.

109

The Cultural Revolution was a decade long campaign of ideological fanaticism and political terror designed to purge China of supposedly impure influences.

110

If you watch the beginning of the three body problem, there are a couple of scenes that are happening during the Cultural Revolution.

111

Students formed what were called red guard mobs, in which teachers were humiliated, beaten, sometimes killed in public.

112

Historical artifacts were destroyed.

113

Families were incentivized to turn on one another.

114

Intellectuals were sent to labor camps.

115

The CCP was not a normal government that liked communism.

116

It was an ideologically revolutionary regime that was built on murder and censorship and nationalism and total state control.

117

And that has not changed.

118

The thing that changed was that American elites convinced themselves that China had changed.

119

So, let's try to figure out why that happened.

120

Well, while Mao was running roughshod over China during this period, the United States was busy securing freedom of the seas, rebuilding Europe with the Marshall Plan,

121

and stationing troops across the rest of Asia to prevent the Communists from taking over.

122

By the 1960s, America had basically underwritten the entire security architecture of the free world.

123

Because the United States was so economically and militarily dominant, our foreign policy establishment came to believe

124

that hostile countries could gradually be folded into this rules based international world order through diplomacy and trade and cooperation.

125

I solemnly declare on behalf of the United States

126

that we are prepared to submit to any international inspection provided only that it is effective and truly reciprocal.

127

And then in the post -World War order, the idea was: that the United States could bring China along.

128

But the first sort of move, toward the Chinese, the first real move toward the Chinese, who were considered correctly our enemies, in Korea, in Vietnam.

129

The first move toward the Chinese came because Henry Kissinger, then Secretary of State, was trying to split the Chinese from the Soviets.

130

So over time, Mao had his own model of communism.

131

The Soviets had their model of communism, and they started to hate one another.

132

Mao was jealous of the Soviet system.

133

The Soviets wanted Mao to be less insane.

134

And so they started creating conflict between themselves.

135

Richard Nixon

136

and Henry Kissinger decided this was a great time to undercut

137

one of the pillars of the Eastern support for the Soviet Union.

138

So again, the logic wasn't nuts.

139

Nixon believed that if the United States could pry China away from the Soviet orbit, that that would weaken Moscow and strengthen America on the global stage.

140

This is why, famously, Nixon went to China.

141

Henry Kissinger in particular, the Secretary of State, viewed this through the lens of real politique.

142

The idea was that the United States could stabilize the international system by creating new powers to balance one another out.

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Kissinger was a believer in a sort of global balance of power.

144

And so instead of directly confronting every single communist regime simultaneously, you use China to counterbalance the Soviet Union.

145

Now, this was successful.

146

It separated off, Mal, from the Soviet Union.

147

And that undercut a pillar of economic and military support for the Soviet Union.

148

And eventually, of course, the Soviet Union would fall.

149

But this also planted the seed of a stupid idea, which is that maybe communist China would moderate and become part of the rules -based international order.

150

By the late 60s, the Nixon administration was pursuing what became known as the open door policy.

151

As I have pointed out on a number of occasions over the past three years, There can be no stable and enduring peace.

152

without the participation, of the People's Republic of China.

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and it's 750 million people.

154

Bye.

155

That is why I have undertaken initiatives in several areas.

156

to open the door.

157

for more normal relations.

158

between our two countries.

159

Again, The idea here was not that Richard Nixon was besties with Mao Tse -tung.

160

In fact, Nixon despised him.

161

But if the United States could seize on that Sino -Soviet split and isolate Moscow, It would strengthen its own position in the process.

162

So in 1972, Nixon goes to Beijing, Images of Nixon shaking hands have now stunned the world.

163

To many Americans, it felt like a new opening.

164

And for a while, it was kind of working.

165

Throughout the 70s and the 80s, the US and China maintained a cautious alignment against Moscow.

166

And it seemed like it was going to get even better.

167

After Mao Zedong's death, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping opened China's economy even further.

168

Now, Deng did not liberalize China politically, but he welcomed foreign investment.

169

And that, of course, turned China into a manufacturing powerhouse.

170

And it appeared that maybe Deng was even going to allow some liberalization of politics.

171

Of course, all of that ended in 1989, when there was an actual student uprising against the Chinese regime.

172

And that is when tanks literally just ran students over in Tiananmen Square.

173

Still, the United States was hopeful.

174

When the Soviet Union fell in 1991, the U .S.'s regard for China shifted as well.

175

Slowly, that original Nixonian opening had been transformed into something really, really different.

176

A bipartisan, stupid belief that communist China could be permanently folded into a US -led world order.

177

Foreign policy experts on all sides, multinational corporations, who were looking for profit centers, businessmen, manufacturers, academia, the media, they all bought the same fantasy.

178

that if China became wealthier, China would become freer.

179

That was the central lie of that post -Cold War globalization.

180

No president accelerated that lie more than President Bill Clinton.

181

And American officials basically ignored that massacre of pro -democracy protesters in Tiananmen Square and continued to push for economic engagement.

182

And throughout the 1990s, as a result, China exploded.

183

They were engaging in essentially mercantilism, state -organized economic structures directed at foreign trade.

184

American corporations, meanwhile, realized that they could move their manufacturing overseas for cheaper.

185

That did lower prices.

186

It also moved manufacturing jobs outside the United States.

187

National security implications, however dire, were basically ignored.

188

And then came the biggest moment, China entering the World Trade Organization in 2001.

189

I believe the choice between economic rights and human rights, between economic security and national security, is a false one.

190

Now, Bill Clinton aggressively pushed for this.

191

Again, the theory was integrating China into global markets would liberalize the country politically.

192

It did not work out that way.

193

Nonetheless, it opened the United States to Chinese intervention.

194

American universities deepened their partnerships with China.

195

We started taking in huge numbers of foreign exchange students.

196

Our IP was stolen at a rapid rate.

197

American consumers became deeply dependent on Chinese supply chains.

198

Meanwhile, over in China, they were taking all of those...

199

gains, all those economic wins, and they were stacking those up behind an authoritarian regime.

200

The regime built the most sophisticated surveillance state in all of human history.

201

It expanded its military pressure throughout the South China Sea against states ranging from Taiwan to the Philippines.

202

It accelerated its cyber warfare and industrial scale intellectual property theft.

203

Some estimates suggest the Chinese IP theft costs the United States as much as $600 billion every single year.

204

Because again, internally, it is not that China has embraced free markets.

205

Not much.

206

They're basically an economically fascist system.

207

So that means they don't tend to innovate as well as the United States.

208

But they are very good at stealing things and then reverse engineering them.

209

America. was fleeced.

210

Again, this was the fundamental asymmetry.

211

We believed that economics would eventually override ideology.

212

Beijing never did.

213

They just took the money and they stacked it in their coffers, and then they used it to crack down on everybody else and victimize America's allies.

214

Over time, American national security hawks, particularly on the right, Again, warning, the United States was not simply trading with China anymore.

215

We're actually building a geopolitical competitor.

216

Part and parcel of this, by the way, is China buying up enormous amounts of American debt.

217

Truly astonishing, mind -boggling amounts of American debt.

218

It was very convenient for America's politicians to continue to run up our debt

219

when the Chinese were just buying it all up and stocking it and making us more dependent on them.

220

Nonetheless, conservatives began to argue that the CCP viewed economic interdependence not as a pathway to cooperation, but as leverage to be used later against the United States.

221

Again, the Chinese understood something that the West forgot.

222

Economic power is geopolitical power, and the Chinese state then used globalization to expand its influence abroad.

223

Again, foundational hostility toward the West.

224

They never stopped viewing the U .S as their chief enemy.

225

They never liberalized.

226

They never democratized.

227

They never became our friend.

228

Instead, they began using the money to spread their tentacles outward through things like the Belt

229

and Road Initiative by offering to kindly build ports all over the world under Chinese control.

230

Eventually, under Xi Jinping, China became more dramatically centralized, nationalistic, and openly adversarial toward the United States.

231

So it appeared before Xi that maybe, just maybe, there might be a little bit of liberalization, and Xi just shut that door tight.

232

Xi rose through the Communist Party apparatus as a committed nationalist and true believer in centralized control.

233

He was not the pragmatic reformer of Deng Xiaoping, who famously suggested that basically, if you could get the job done, how you got it done didn't matter.

234

Xi instead moved almost immediately to consolidate authority around himself personally.

235

He purged his rivals.

236

He tightened censorship.

237

He interned and killed Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang.

238

He expanded state control over the economy even further.

239

And as mentioned, he spread China's supposed values all over the world.

240

In 2013, China launched the so -called Belt and Road Initiative, which was basically a to build a lot of stuff in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America,

241

and finance it with debt.

242

Foreign governments would be indebted to Beijing, and then China would use that debt as a way to hold them accountable geopolitically.

243

While Barack Obama was particularly useful to the Chinese, His China policy was an apologetic continuation of that post -Cold War internationalist consensus.

244

The belief that if we just talked nicely to the Chinese, then magically they would moderate.

245

A cooperative relationship based on mutual interest and mutual respect is not only in the interests of the United States and China,

246

but is also in the interests of the region and in the interests of the United States, in the interests of the world.

247

Unsurprisingly, China took advantage and they accelerated many of those trends

248

that American hawks had been warning about for years because it turns out China never stopped.

249

Everything intensified.

250

Confucius Institutes, which were Chinese propaganda institutes, popped up across America.

251

Intellectual espionage heightened as Silicon Valley innovation exploded.

252

Militarized artificial islands in the South China Sea were being built despite diplomatic assurances otherwise.

253

Pro -democracy protests in Hong Kong were crushed.

254

Hong Kong was just eaten wholesale.

255

Anti -American dictatorships in Russia, Iran, North Korea, all made common cause under the banner of a new axis of global resistance.

256

In contrast, Barack Obama continued to push this elitist confidence in globalization and multilateralism and managed to decline.

257

Xi Jinping consolidated more power.

258

than any Chinese leader since Mao.

259

Matt Pottinger and Mike Gallagher have argued that China began positioning itself, not merely as an economic competitor, but a strategic challenger to the West.

260

Eventually people wised up, particularly Donald Trump.

261

Now, whatever else you think about President Trump, He totally upset the apple cart in a wonderful and necessary way here.

262

He was the first president in decades to fundamentally challenge that Nixonian -Clintonian assumption toward American policy on China.

263

Trump argued that we'd sold out to China.

264

that basically prior administrations had been dumped, underestimated the strategic risks posed by the CCP, and had allowed the United States to become overly dependent on Chinese manufacturing and supply chains.

265

So he imposed tariffs on Chinese goods.

266

He restricted Chinese access to sensitive tech.

267

He targeted companies like Huawei, which is their 5G network, which again, is rife with surveillance apparatus.

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He pressured American allies to reconsider reliance on Chinese telecom, and he pushed for broader economic decoupling in strategically important sectors.

269

And more broadly, Trump reframed China not as a future partner, but as a geopolitical rival.

270

Because we can't continue to allow China to rape our country, and that's what they're doing.

271

It's the greatest theft in the history of the world.

272

Now, his critics suggested that everything would have been hunky -dory if not for Trump.

273

But his supporters correctly argue that all of these policies were a long overdue recognition of geopolitical reality.

274

Increasingly, Trump won.

275

Democrats and Republicans understood that China was in fact our opponent if not our enemy.

276

One of the big shift moments was the COVID -19 pandemic.

277

When a novel coronavirus emerged pretty obviously from a Wuhan lab and then killed millions of people worldwide, devastating the global economy and shutting down daily life for the entire planet.

278

The modern world realized it couldn't depend on China.

279

Even after that outbreak, the CCP was lying.

280

They were punishing whistleblowers inside China while simultaneously sowing enormous social

281

and political discord inside the United States with TikTok's algorithmically engineered cultural brain rot.

282

Increasingly, large segments of the American left, people like Hassan Piker or Zoran Mondani, began to openly romanticize anti -Western authoritarianism altogether.

283

Piker went to China and talked about how wonderful it was.

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Chinese nationals from all around this wonderful country.

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It's very, very exciting and you can sense it, you can feel it in the air.

286

Mamdani treats the CCP as a decent country.

287

At the same time, China is building the largest military expansion since World War II.

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They threaten Taiwan on a near daily basis.

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They use slave labor, concentration camps, censorship, surveillance, fentanyl trafficking, cyber warfare, and economic coercion as instruments of statecraft.

290

So, no, China was never our friend.

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It wasn't, and it still isn't.

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The problem was that for 50 years, everyone refused to recognize that China was in fact our enemy.

293

Are they going to win?

294

Well, here's the thing.

295

China does suffer from some pretty serious structural vulnerabilities.

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So their demographics are in serious trouble.

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Their debt burden is enormous, over 300 % of GDP by some estimates.

298

Their economy is heavily dependent on exports and also state intervention, which means loans.

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And those loans are coming.

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from local and state actors.

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So basically they're just pillaging their people.

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Its real estate sector is massively unstable because essentially they just had their citizens.

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They forced them to buy ghost apartments.

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China increasingly resembles a declining power trying to stave off the darkness through IP theft and regional intimidation and a military buildup.

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Historically, rising in security inside authoritarian regimes can make them more aggressive abroad.

306

And that brings us to Taiwan.

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So Taiwan is not merely a regional territorial dispute.

308

As you recall, Taiwan was a part of China Shanghai Shack ended up there and founded the modern nation state of Taiwan.

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Now, Taiwan's history is long and complex.

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At times, it was independent.

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At times, it was occupied for literally decades by the Japanese.

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The reason it is geopolitically important is because Taiwan sits at the center of the global semiconductor economy.

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Roughly 90 percent of advanced semiconductor manufacturing comes from Taiwan.

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If China successfully seized Taiwan, the geopolitical consequences would be disastrous.

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American allies would question our credibility, and more importantly, if they got a hold of those chips, suddenly the balance of power in the entire Indo -Pacific would shift toward China.

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This is why deterrence matters.

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And this is why American leadership, peace through strength, continues to matter.

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Bottom line is this.

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Weakness invites aggression, it always has.

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Strength deters it.

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And for a regime, that censors speech and operates mass surveillance systems and threaten its democratic neighbors, and steals technology and supports hostile authoritarian governments all over the world,

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and facilitates fentanyl precursor flows into the Western Hemisphere, and openly seeks America's destruction, that is not just another trading partner.

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It is a strategic enemy.

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We should treat it as such.

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FOR YOU

Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики уровня C2 построен на видео «The 50-Year Lie About China». Чаще всего повторяются слова: China, Chinese, Mao. В этом видео 325 предложений и 4202 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 22:47. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 184 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. Только 79% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
geopolitical прилагательное		геополитический
authoritarian прилагательное	/əˌθɑ.ɹəˈtɛɹ.i.ən/	авторита́рный
communism существительное	/ˈkɒmjᵿnɪz(ə)m/	коммуни́зм
accelerate глагол	/ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/	ускоря́ть, уско́рить
seize глагол	/ˈsiːz/	захва́тывать, захвати́ть
economically наречие	/ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪ.kli/	бережливо, расчётливо
censorship существительное	/ˈsɛnsɚʃɪp/	цензу́ра
politically наречие		полити́чески
astonish глагол	/əˈstɑnɪʃ/	удивля́ть, удиви́ть
centralize глагол	/ˈsɛntɹəlaɪz/	централизова́ть
coronavirus существительное	/kəˈɹoʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/	коронави́рус
fentanyl существительное	/ˈfɛn.tə.nɑl/	фентани́л
humiliate глагол	/hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/	унижа́ть, уни́зить
liberalization существительное		либерализа́ция, освобожде́ние
liberalize глагол	/ˈlɪbəɹəlaɪz/	освобожда́ть, освободи́ть

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Произношение	Значение
end up глагол		зака́нчиваться, зако́нчиться
figure out глагол		разбира́ться, разобра́ться
shut down глагол		выключить, остановить
take over глагол		брать на себя́, взять на себя́
back off глагол		отступа́ть
go back глагол		возвраща́ться, возврати́ться
turn out глагол		ока́зываться, оказа́ться
work out глагол	/ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/	рассчи́тывать, рассчита́ть

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Условные предложения if + предложение, will/would + глагол — условие и его результат	if China became wealthier, China would become
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	were told · was not actually welcomed · being written
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	has called · has been treated · you've built
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете	tutelage, which is · idea, which is · Initiative, which was

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 25 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например they're, wasn't, you're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: authoritarian /əˌθɑ.ɹəˈtɛɹ.i.ən/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/, nonetheless /ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: globalization /ˌɡloʊ.bə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, censorship /ˈsɛnsɚʃɪp/, astonish /əˈstɑnɪʃ/, nationalist /ˈnæʃ.ə.nə.lɪst/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: authoritarian /əˌθɑ.ɹəˈtɛɹ.i.ən/, globalization /ˌɡloʊ.bə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, economically /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪ.kli/, coronavirus /kəˈɹoʊnəˌvaɪɹəs/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: quota /ˈkwəʊ.tə/, warfare /ˈwɔɹfɛɹ/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/
/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: humiliate /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/, hawk /ˈhɔːk/, hostile /ˈhɑstəl/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: seize /ˈsiːz/, centralize /ˈsɛntɹəlaɪz/, liberalize /ˈlɪbəɹəlaɪz/, explode /ɪkˈsploʊd/, fold /ˈfəʊld/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как geopolitical, authoritarian, communism.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: The 50-Year Lie About China - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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