ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Are There Lost Alien Civilizations in Our Past?
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When we think about alien civilizations, we tend to look into the vastness of space to faraway planets.
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But there is another incredibly vast dimension that we might be giving too little thought to.
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Time.
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Could it be that over the last hundreds of millions of years, other civilizations existed on Earth?
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indigenous technological species that rose and died out, and that they or their artifacts are buried beneath our feet.
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What does science have to say about this and what are the implications for us?
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Life on Earth has existed for 4 billion years, mostly as single-celled organisms, until some 540 million years ago,
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the Cambrian explosion heralded the age of animals.
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A huge time window for our indigenous aliens.
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Where would we look for them and what could we hope to find?
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Sadly, we have only one civilization to look at, ourselves.
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Anatomically modern humans emerged around 300,000 years ago and probably lived in small groups of hunter-gatherers, slowly spreading around the world.
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Progress was slow and our lifestyle didn't change much, although there may have been local bursts of complexity.
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Until about 10,000 years ago, when the agricultural revolution changed our lifestyle forever, enabling massive population growth and technological progress.
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Rather than just animals with culture and tools that would have been invisible from space, we changed the face of the planet,
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cleared forests and constructed cities and temples for our gods at breathtaking speeds and scales.
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Until, about 300 years ago, we became an industrial species, and yet again our numbers grew exponentially, as did our impact on the planet.
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We could say that our 300,000 year long history has three phases.
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We were hunter-gatherers for 97%, farmers for 2.9% and industrialists for 0.1% of our history.
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And yet, we are super new on Earth.
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On geological timescales, even the sturdiest things lose their durability.
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The oldest large-scale surface is the Negev Desert, a meager 1.8 million years old.
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Everything older has been crushed to dust or turned over and it's either below the ground or covered by ice or ocean.
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Our age, the Anthropocene, will be a layer only a few centimeters thick in a few million years.
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If there were aliens before us and they too went through these three phases, what would remain of them?
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What can we learn about indigenous aliens by looking at ourselves?
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Hunter-gatherer aliens.
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We actually know that in the last few million years there were hunter-gatherer aliens.
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Our ancestors like Homo erectus and cousins like the Neanderthals
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or Denisovans and probably many more that we haven't found yet or are lost to time forever.
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They left fragments of their bodies, of weapons and tools and even art.
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Considering how long they existed and how little remains of them, although they live not that far from our present, it's easy to think there have been others.
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animals like us, that could talk and use tools and fire that had culture and art.
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For the last two million years, most hominins lived as hunter-gatherers, so if these aliens never moved up higher on the tech tree,
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hundreds of different species and cultures could have existed without leaving any traces.
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Their artifacts lost to biological and then geological processes.
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At worst, they would leave absolutely nothing to be found after thousands of years.
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But what about fossils?
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We talked about how unlikely the process of fossilization is in more detail in our dinosaur video, but in a nutshell, per 100,000 years of Earth's history,
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we only get a handful of good fossils.
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So we might easily just miss fossils of such people, but even if we had any, we wouldn't necessarily be able to identify them as hunter-gatherers.
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Agricultural and Empire Aliens Looking at humans again, agricultural societies left much more to be dug up and found,
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because they used more sophisticated tools made from sturdier materials and had to feed millions, leaving many more artifacts.
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Farming allowed them to specialize and develop tech from writing to navigation, architecture and government.
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Over thousands of years, city-states became kingdoms and empires, some existing for millennia before they fell.
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Many of the buildings or monuments they constructed are still around, and traces of them will exist for a few thousand more years.
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Some only as outlines in the ground, but still recognizable to future archaeologists.
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The pyramids are piles of limestone so massive that they will probably be around for hundreds of thousands of years.
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And because of the greater numbers of humans that lived during our farm and empire period, we can expect way more fossils and artifacts to be detectable,
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maybe for a few million years before they vanish.
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So we can say with confidence that no such indigenous alien civilization existed in the last few million years, because otherwise we would have found something that they left.
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still leaves a window of hundreds of millions of years, back to the emergence of complex life where we wouldn't be able to tell.
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If there were alien pre-industrial societies and empires on the level of the ancient Romans or Chinese, they would have likely disappeared without a trace.
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Their tools, even advanced metals, would have rotted away.
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If they dug up canals, cleared forests and built cities, their traces would be very hard to distinguish from nature.
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Maybe there was once an empire of cephalopods occupying impressive cities in swamps and lakes made from wood and stone.
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Their engineers flooding land to build wet cities, their poets reciting poems in a language of colors.
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Maybe they never industrialized.
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Maybe their society was too stable or not inventive enough, or they never got a chance.
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A single event like an asteroid, an epidemic or an ice age could just have deleted their civilization ground up their temples as their soft bodies rotted away.
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Sadly, we don't have the tiniest amount of evidence for any such civilization.
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After a few million years at best, their achievements would have dissolved into nothing.
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Industrial indigenous aliens.
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What about industrial civilizations like humanity today?
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Imagine humans died out suddenly through a pandemic or cosmic rays or something like that, what would remain?
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Our impact on the planet is orders of magnitude greater than that of our ancestors.
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The fossil record will show a great extinction of wildlife and an explosion of fossils from human-associated animals like rats, cows, pigs and chickens.
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Like the structures of our ancestors, skyscrapers and streets and hard drives will basically crumble into nothingness in a few millennia.
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But because there were so many humans everywhere, For a few million years after our sudden end, there would be clear hints of our existence.
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The byproducts of our industrial lifestyle might actually give us away for some hundreds of millions of years.
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We use massive amounts of artificial fertilizer which redirects Earth's flow of nitrogen that is being deposited in the soil.
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Mining metals and rare earth elements leaves long-term scars and depletes natural resources.
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We saturate our oceans with plastics that find their way to the ocean floor
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and may persist for hundreds of millions of years.
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There are radioactive elements and their decay, unnatural accumulations of elements that don't exist outside labs or weapons.
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And of course, in our short industrial history, we have changed the proportion of CO2 in the air by burning massive amounts of fossil fuels,
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increasing the acidity of the oceans, and so on.
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We may already have left a mark in the geological record.
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So far we have found no traces of an industrial alien civilization.
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No layers of weird chemicals or displaced elements.
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No radioactive layer to indicate that once great nations waged nuclear war.
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We do see mass extinctions and massive shifts in the fossil records, but no evidence that they did not occur naturally.
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And ironically, we've hit upon an interesting problem here.
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If industrial societies stress the ecosystem enough to cause their own extinction, they won't be around that long.
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But if they become sustainable, their imprint on the geological record may be tiny.
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If past industrial civilizations were sustainable before they died out, we may have little to no chance of ever knowing about them.
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In any case, over hundreds of millions of years, these signatures may become very subtle and get overlooked or interpreted as natural.
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Even if an industrialized alien society existed 200 million years ago and lasted for 100,000 years, 300 times longer than industrial humanity,
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it still might be easy to miss it in the geological record.
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In any case, all of this is speculation.
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In the end, we shouldn't use our imagination to trick ourselves into thinking we know anything about our blind spots.
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Just assuming a thing happened because we don't have evidence against it is a trap we should avoid.
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So for now, if we look at the vastness of time, it seems as devoid of aliens as the vastness of space.
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Maybe we are alone in this universe and always were.
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Maybe we'll find traces of others eventually, we don't know.
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There is one important takeaway.
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The continuation of our civilization is not guaranteed.
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And if we're not careful, we may disappear forever.
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Let's hope that in a few million years, there isn't another civilization studying our layer in the fossil record.
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เกี่ยวกับบทเรียนนี้
ในบทเรียนนี้นักเรียนจะได้ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษจากวิดีโอเกี่ยวกับอารยธรรมต่างดาวที่อาจมีอยู่ในอดีต โดยจะเรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับประวัติศาสตร์ของมนุษย์และการเปลี่ยนแปลงของอารยธรรมจากมุมมองเวลาที่กว้างขวาง ผู้เรียนจะได้ปรับปรุงการออกเสียงภาษาอังกฤษผ่านชาโดว์อิ้งและชวนให้คิดถึงสิ่งที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการมีอยู่ของอารยธรรมต่างดาวในอดีต
คำศัพท์และวลีสำคัญ
- อารยธรรม (Civilization)
- การค้นพบ (Discovery)
- เทคโนโลยี (Technology)
- หลุมฝังศพ (Artifacts)
- การปฏิวัติการเกษตร (Agricultural Revolution)
- การใช้เครื่องมือ (Use of tools)
- การเปลี่ยนแปลง (Change)
- มนุษย์ยุคใหม่ (Anatomically modern humans)
เคล็ดลับการฝึกฝน
สำหรับการฝึกชาโดว์อิ้งภาษาอังกฤษจากวิดีโอนี้ ควรฟังเสียงและพยายามให้ทันตามจังหวะการพูดของผู้บรรยาย เริ่มต้นด้วยการฟังซ้ำหลายๆ ครั้งเพื่อเข้าใจความหมายและรู้สึกกับน้ำเสียงที่ใช้ในวิดีโอ สังเกตรูปแบบการออกเสียงที่สำคัญ เช่น การเน้นเสียงที่คำสำคัญ หรือจังหวะที่ช้าลงในบางประโยค ซึ่งจะช่วยในการปรับปรุงการออกเสียงภาษาอังกฤษของคุณได้ อย่าลืมสนุกกับการเรียนรู้และใช้การพูดตามเพื่อเสริมสร้างความมั่นใจในการสื่อสาร เหมาะมากสำหรับการฝึก shadowspeaks เพื่อพัฒนาเสียงสำเนียงให้ชัดเจนและเป็นธรรมชาติ
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | has existed · has been crushed · haven't found |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | are buried · has been crushed · are lost |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ