ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Hard Fasteners

a typical fastener weighs about one and three -fourths grams

but together the 2 .5 million rivets and fasteners in a 747 weigh almost five tons that's why in the airplane industry,

using the fastener with the right amount of strength and the least amount of weight is critical.

Rivets are lightweight, easy to install, and inexpensive, but they don't always have the needed strength.

And that's when you use hard fasteners.

Hard fasteners differ from rivets in two major ways.

They're made of titanium or steel while the rivet is usually aluminum and hard fasteners have two parts a bolt

and a nut that has to be torqued

or swaged many hard fasteners are self -torquing meaning

that the nut is designed to tighten to a given clamp

up pressure some have to be torqued manually let's take a closer look starting from the top down there's the head

the head to shank fillet the radiused area below the head

the shank or grip the area between the head and the threads

the transition the tapered area at the end of the shank

and the locking mechanism usually threads

or rings what kind of fastener is this the head has

the manufacturer's serial number engraved on it The Part Standards Manual converts that number to a BAC number.

The Illustrated Fastener Reference Manual tells us how to read that number and identifies the type and the material,

the diameter, the type of coating, and the grip length.

Hard fasteners come in shear or tension strengths.

shear strength means the fastener is designed to withstand sideways stress

tension strength means the fastener is designed to withstand pulling or compression stress

tension fasteners have larger heads to distribute stress over a bigger area

shear fasteners save weight because they require a shallower countersink and therefore thinner their structure.

There are six main types of hard fasteners used at Boeing.

Lock bolts, high locks and highlights,

eddy bolts, radius lead -in bolts,

external wrenching bolts, and recess drive bolts.

Let's take a look at lock bolts and how they work.

Lock bolts are self -torquing fasteners.

When used on primary structure, they're usually made of titanium, sometimes steel.

Lock bolts are easy to install.

They're often used in open areas as the lock bolt puller is bulky and therefore difficult to use in less accessible areas.

Lock bolts come in standard weight and lightweight, the difference being a shorter transition on the lightweight.

The lightweight can be identified by the yellow color coating on the tip.

The standard lock bolts come in shear and tension strengths, whereas the lightweight only come in a shear strength.

At first glance, a lock bolt looks like a threaded bolt, but What appear to be threads are actually rings.

Tension lock bolts use more rings than shear lock bolts to give the aluminum collar more gripping surface.

Here's how the lock bolt works.

The lock bolt is inserted and a collar is slipped over the pin.

The lock bolt puller grips the pin and pulls on it.

As it pulls, the tool anvil swages the collar into the locking grooves.

The tool continues to pull and the pin breaks off.

Because the lock bolt has rings and not threads, the lock is very strong.

The collar cannot vibrate off as is possible with a threaded bolt.

HiLocks and HiLights use self -torquing nuts or collars.

They can often be used interchangeably with lock bolts.

They cannot be installed as quickly as lock bolts, but can be used in less accessible areas.

HiLocks come in a variety of sizes and in standard and lightweight.

The lightweight versions are called highlights.

They can be identified by the orange color coding on the tip.

Like the lightweight lock bolt, the highlight has a shortened transition.

The shortened bolt then requires a shorter collar.

To give you an idea of how much weight the highlights save,

On the 747 -400, using these fasteners instead of Hilux saves over 1 ,000 pounds.

Here's how a highlight works.

The bolt is inserted and the collar is started.

The tool has an alum wrench that keeps the bolt from spinning while the collar is threaded.

The hex portion of the collar automatically breaks off when the correct torque is reached.

If the bolts are difficult to access, then the collar won't work, and a self -locking steel nut must be installed manually with a certified torquing tool.

Eddy bolts are also self -torquing fasteners.

They're often used in work with composites because they use titanium collars.

Aluminum collars can cause corrosion on graphite composites.

Eddy bolts come in sheer and tension strengths.

All Eddy bolts have the shortened transition for weight savings.

An Eddy bolt has five grooves, or flutes, equally spaced around the threads.

The nut has three equally spaced lobes.

the bolt is inserted and the nut threaded.

Torque is applied and at the correct clamp -up pressure, the lobes on the nut compress into at least one of the flutes in the threads.

The eddy bolt lock is very strong and cannot vibrate off.

Radius lead -in bolts are used primarily in the wings.

They have tighter tolerances and generally make a stronger installation.

Two types of radius lead -in bolts are the WQ and the WR.

The WQ is countersunk so that the head is aerodynamically flush the WR has a protruding head.

Here's how they work.

The bolt is driven into the hole with a rivet gun and the nut is torqued.

In most applications, radius lead -in bolts are designed to co -work the hole.

The bolt compresses the material inside the hole, making it stronger structurally.

Radius lead -in bolts are used in high -stress areas and provide a high -fatigue life.

External wrenching and recess drive bolts are probably the most familiar fasteners.

Many are just like bolts you find at the hardware store.

The main difference between these fasteners and all others is that they are not self -torquing.

Common types of external wrenching bolts include hex head, 12 -point, T -head, and wing head.

Some come drilled for use with lock wire or cotter pins.

External wrenching bolts can be torqued from both the head side and the nut side.

Common types of recess drive bolts include high torque, hex socket, torque set, and Phillips.

Recess drive bolts are normally torqued from the head side into a nut plate.

One advantage of using external wrenching and recess drive bolts is that they can be removed and reinstalled if need be.

Hard fasteners often require the use of washers for grip adjustment, damage protection, corrosion prevention and fillet relief.

All hard fasteners have fillet relief requirements.

Remember the head -to -shank fillet?

The radius prevents the fastener from seating properly.

The hole must be chamfered to accommodate the fillet.

Now the fastener will seat properly.

A washer can be used instead of chamfering, but because of weight savings, chamfering is preferred.

Your work with hard fasteners can be checked with various types of gauges.

They are color -coded for the different types of fasteners.

What the gauge does is measure pin protrusion to tell you whether or not you have the proper grip -link fastener.

Two and a half million rivets and fasteners, each with a specialized function, strength, and weight.

100

Each a critical part of the airplanes we build.

101

We'll be right back.

102

We'll be right back.

103

Oh, oh, oh, oh.

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ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Hard Fasteners

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