ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Steve Jobs Interview - 2/18/1981

We have to presume any time we do a story that most of the audience hasn't,

that any time you introduce any subject or any topic or any big word, really, that you have to familiarize the audience with.

You were talking about 60 Minutes.

They do the same thing.

Harry Reisner did a piece on some guy who was a card counter playing blackjack a couple of weeks ago,

and they spent about three minutes in the context of the story establishing how to play blackjack.

Just the fact that you have to...

Sure, go for 21.

Yeah, go for 21.

An interesting thing about television is it always seems to shoot for the lowest common denominator.

Steve, I'd love to get a toucheat that we need.

It sounds a little peculiar, but you can.

And it'll be painless and over quickly.

Great.

Thank you.

I could embrace him if you wish.

No. The reason they take these two shots is because they do all of this market research on television,

and they go into a shopping center and grab 50 viewers

and put them in a trailer and show them tapes

and to try to find out what they like and what they don't, what bothers them and what doesn't.

One of the things that they found bothered viewers was, in a typical nightly, just like to see the environment that you're talking in,

so hence the wide shot. Is it over?

Yes, it's that painful part.

Steve, when you began to develop this five years ago,

what sort of need did you see that existed then that you felt these computers was going to fill?

Well, basically, are we actually doing this now?

Yeah.

Oh, great.

The question is really what is a personal computer, computer and why is it different than all the other computers that have existed throughout history

probably the best way to explain that is through an analogy

when you look at the invention of the first electric motor

in the late 1800s it was only possible to build a very large

and it was very very expensive

and therefore it could only be cost justified for the most expensive

or large applications and the electric motor really took its next step in proliferation

when somebody hooked a long shaft to it

and ran it down the center of a factory through a series of belts some pulleys brought

that power down to maybe 15 or 20 individual workstations, thereby cost justifying and sharing that horsepower among some medium-sized applications.

But the electric motor really achieved a true proliferation in this society with the invention of the fractional horsepower electric motor.

And at that point, the horsepower could be brought directly to where it was needed on a personal scale, cost justified for a small number of things.

And we see the same thing, the same evolution if we examine the history of computing.

The first computer, ENIAC, in 1946, was designed primarily for weather and ballistic calculations, very large tasks.

And the next revolution in computing was in the 1960s with the invention of what's called time sharing.

In essence, sharing one of these very large computers with maybe 40 or 50 terminals scattered through a company, and thereby cost-justifying it for medium-sized applications.

What we think the personal computer industry is about is the invention of the fractional horsepower computer.

Something that can be cost justified on the personal level.

Something that weighs 12 pounds that you can throw out the window if you don't like.

And it's really changing the way that people interact with computers.

There's a one-on-one relationship that develops between one person and one computer.

Now when you use the term a personal computer, you're avoiding the term a home computer for a deliberate reason, right?

Right.

We segment our market really into four major segments.

Education, professional small business, home consumer, and scientific industrial.

Now, the home market hasn't really taken off.

It's probably the smallest of those four I've listed.

We view the home now not as a market really, but as a location in which personal computers are used for a variety of functions sometimes.

In other words, you can use a personal computer to do some portfolio management on some stocks.

You can use a personal computer to do some educational...

Can I answer that question?

Sure, yeah.

You can just pick it up.

Great.

San, when you grew up, you say...

We're still waiting for a question.

Great.

Okay, John.

And when you use the term a personal computer, you're deliberately avoiding the use of the term home computer, aren't you?

Right.

We view the home not really as a market yet.

We view it more as a location.

We sell a lot of personal computers that are used for financial analysis,

for education in schools, for running laboratory experiments in universities and in scientific applications.

And a lot of these personal computers are used in the home as a location, some of the time.

But there's not enough specific applications to cost justify spending $1,000 to $3,000 for a personal computer to be used in the home yet.

So we don't think the home is quite yet ready either culturally or economically.

What type of person would need a personal computer today of the type you offer?

Well, it gets back to the question of what is a personal computer again.

Again, another analogy.

There was an article in Scientific American in the early 70s

which compared the efficiency of locomotion for various species of things on the planet.

In other words, they measured how much energy it took for a bird to get from point A to point B, compared with the energy it took a fish to get the same distance, and a goat, and a person, and all sorts of other things.

And they ranked them.

And it turns out the condor won.

Condor was the most efficient.

And man came in with a rather unimpressive showing about a third of the way down the list.

Somewhat disappointing.

But someone there had the insight to test the efficiency of man riding a bicycle.

And man riding a bicycle was twice as good as the condor, all the way off the end of the list.

And what it really illustrated was man's ability as a toolmaker to fashion a tool

that can amplify an inherent ability that he has.

And that's exactly what we think we're doing.

We think we're basically fashioning a 21st century bicycle here, which can amplify an inherent intellectual ability that man has

and really take care of a lot of drudgery to free people to do much more creative work.

Does this mean, do you think

that personal computers in the 21st century will be as much a part of a home as, say, a refrigerator, a vacuum cleaner?

We can look at what's happening right now.

As an example, in the state of Minnesota, which is probably the leading state in the country,

over 97% of the kids that graduate from high school have hands-on experience with an apple before they graduate.

Now, these kids are growing up learning how to use this new tool in many, many phases of their life.

100

They're hitting college.

101

The same thing's happening.

102

And so, very rapidly, the process of the integration of personal computers into the society will be accomplished.

103

Let me illustrate two other processes which have happened in our lifetime very similar to this.

104

You probably haven't used a piece of carbon paper or seen a mimeograph machine in a while.

105

And yet the first Xerox machine was introduced less than 20 years ago.

106

It'll be 20 years ago next month.

107

And in 20 years, it's radically altered the way that we work.

108

Another process, the HP35, first scientific handheld calculator, was introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1972.

109

Well, we all know where that's gone in just nine years.

110

But another interesting sidelight is in 1978, the largest manufacturer of slide rules in the world stopped making them entirely because the market had gone away.

111

Six years.

112

So we see

113

that it is possible in our lifetimes for a process like this to radically influence the way

114

that we work and even start to look at life.

115

When you say start to look at life, where is the impact going to be felt most?

116

In the intellectual process?

117

In the day-to-day living process that is running the household?

118

In terms of the way you spend your leisure time?

119

Is there any way to pinpoint one of those areas as being the most likely to?

120

What we have seen in almost all applications of personal computers that have happened to date, the industry is only five years old, but we've seen we've shipped,

121

you know, in excess of 150,000 personal computers ourselves.

122

We've seen a dramatic increase in the creativity of people in dealing with a problem.

123

Rather than doing the drudgery, rather than using traditional tools, People are freed to think about the conceptual issues involved

124

and the creative issues involved and use the computer actually to plow through the drudgery.

125

This is an education where students can actually learn at their own pace,

126

where they can interact with a computer rather than just having a one-way communication through the medium of television or books.

127

They can actually interact with the medium.

128

We're seeing this in the professional sphere where we no longer have, as an example at Apple, we no longer have secretaries at Apple.

129

We have what we call area administrators.

130

They're using the computers for all their word processing.

131

They do all departmental budgeting on it.

132

We do our entire forecasting using our own tools.

133

And we're actually changing job descriptions based on allowing people to do more creative work rather than more work work.

134

You mentioned that the calculators eliminated in at least one case indeed for slide rules, that your secretarial job descriptions are changing.

135

Yes.

136

Are there any other major areas that personal computers are going to change in

137

that direction that most people would be familiar with or make obsolete?

138

Well I don't think personal computers are making anything obsolete in the sense of what people do.

139

I think they're enriching what people do.

140

Again there is a common conception that people have of computers which is more along the lines of 1984.

141

Very large, very centralized computers and I know the privacy issue is very, very hot in the media these days.

142

But what we're finding is that when people actually see what a personal computer is, they see something that looks, you know, approximately, they can hold it in their hands, it weighs 12 pounds.

143

Again, they can throw it out the window if they don't like it.

144

And it is very decentralized.

145

It's very democratic.

146

And it's something that completely is almost the opposite of the 1984 conception we have.

147

And what we're finding is it is enriching people's lives.

148

It is freeing people to do things we think people do best.

149

Is there any basis for comparing you to, say, Mattel and Atari, or is that like comparing apples and oranges?

150

We describe our business as really making tools and not toys.

151

And we're really interested in providing that bicycle type of tool to the marketplace.

152

I think some other people are more interested in providing an entertainment value, which is valuable, of course, too, but that's not our business.

153

Is there a difference in your technology as well?

154

There's something happening, actually, in the whole personal computer industry with all the serious competitors.

155

Again, this process of integrating personal computers into the society is going to take maybe 10 years to conclude.

156

And we, of course, want to continue to sell more and more and more computers.

157

The key to that will be to make the computers easier and easier and easier to use.

158

And the way that that's going to happen is we're going to be spending more

159

and more of the computer power in the box to adapt

160

the computer more to the way people are familiar with doing things.

161

So that people have to adapt less to the way computers do things.

162

And therefore, it will require a more sophisticated computer.

163

That's the paradox in our industry right now.

164

To make a computer simpler to use requires a more sophisticated computer.

165

That's part of the reason the home market doesn't exist yet, because if you think about it, the home user needs the easiest to use computer, therefore the most sophisticated, therefore one of the most expensive.

166

So we expect prices not to come tumbling down in the next few years, but actually to stay, you'll get more computer power for the same dollar.

167

You might even see prices increase a little.

168

But the computers are going to get dramatically easier to use.

169

You and your partner grew up in this valley, Silicon Valley.

170

What kind of culture existed here that's led to all of the building that's gone on all the companies

171

that have been created.

172

This Santa Clara Valley, which we all refer to affectionately as Silicon Valley,

173

is probably one of the finest examples of what I call sort of an entrepreneurial risk culture anywhere in the world.

174

And both my partner Steve Wozniak and I both grew up here, and really some of the people that founded companies around the area,

175

Hewlett and Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard and others, were really our role models, our heroes.

176

And we like to think that we're carrying on that tradition.

177

What is there left for you to do now that you're 25, your company's gone public, it's worth hundreds of millions of dollars?

178

Well, we don't really feel we've accomplished what we set out to do yet.

179

We've set out to really help lead this process of getting personal computers into the society and I think, ask me in five years.

180

Great, thank you very much.

181

Yeah, the only thought I had though is...

182

Any time, yeah.

183

Go ahead.

184

Sure.

185

Even though you and the video game manufacturers really exist in two different worlds, Yes.

186

Is the fact that children and people in general are becoming

187

so familiar with the use of these video games and the simple computers that go along with them

188

going to make people more aware of personal computers in the future, do you think, and better able to deal with them?

189

Sure.

190

Matter of fact, it's not even only occurring in the video game area.

191

It's occurring, as an example, with an automated bank teller.

192

People are interacting more and more with intelligent devices, whether it be an intelligent game or an intelligent bank teller or whatever.

193

And you're already seeing it in society now.

194

People are becoming more and more familiar with interacting with intelligent electronic devices.

195

and that's changing things culturally.

196

It's a step along the way.

197

Thank you.

198

Okay, thank you very much.

199

Okay.

200

Did you get what you want? Is that...?

201

Yeah, that was was good.

202

I think it doesn't tie you to them professionally,

203

but I think it does to the idea that Los Angeles,

204

just because there's so much work on that coast and then the other five or six months in between.

205

Where exactly do you work?

206

What, do you need Steve talking or do you want me to re-ask?

207

You don't even need to re-answer.

208

What they'll do is take this and splice it in.

209

Great.

210

You know how it works.

211

So I don't need to talk.

212

No, great.

213

Just nod or something.

214

So when they make the edit, it'll look as if you're, make some physical motion.

215

Yeah, right.

216

I'm going to begin with the re-ask.

217

Is that okay, John?

218

Yeah, just kind of have a .

219

Great.

220

Don't move, Steve.

221

Yeah.

222

When you began to develop this business five years ago, what sort of need for personal computers did you observe?

223

Steve, when you began to develop the business about five years ago, what needs for personal computers did you observe then?

224

When you use the word personal computer, you intentionally avoid the word home computer.

225

Now, when you use the term personal computer, you deliberately avoided the use of the term home computer, right?

226

What type of person would have a personal computer today?

227

What type of individual would have a personal computer?

228

What type of individual would buy a personal computer today?

229

This was just a statement.

230

We always get a lot of good answers.

231

I just re-ask here, too.

232

This was just a statement.

233

Does this mean that personal computers in the 21st century would be as ordinary as say a refrigerator? Does this mean

234

that personal computers in the 21st century would be as ordinary a part of a household as say a refrigerator

235

or a vacuum cleaner?

236

I can't crack this guy up.

237

Oh, yes, you can.

238

I used to be the easiest guy.

239

That's another story.

240

I'm not going to tell it where they'll have it on tape

241

and somebody will pull it out and it blew for real.

242

I'm not going to like that.

243

Yeah, sure you're not.

244

OK, next question.

245

OK.

246

Where is the impact of personal computers going to be felt the most?

247

OK.

248

Where's the impact of personal computers going to be felt most in the future?

249

And then there was a lengthy question that had to do with calculators

250

and secretarial jobs and any other changes he might foresee in the future.

251

OK.

252

If calculators are making slide rules obsolete and your computer is allowing you to redefine your secretarial jobs into other categories,

253

more creative categories, what other types of things are going to change as a result of personal computers or be made obsolete? Does that do it?

254

Even though you and the video manufacturers, or Apple and the video game manufacturers,

255

exist in different worlds, is there some awareness of computer technology that comes from.

256

Even though Apple and the video game manufacturers really exist in two different worlds,

257

are these video games in a sense getting people more accustomed to the idea of personal computers?

258

Okay, great.

259

Now I will listen to Steve, right?

260

You can say anything.

261

This is the fun part.

262

Where do you do you vacation in this area or do you go?

263

No, I don't.

264

I haven't taken a vacation in a long time.

265

That's how I measure whether I'm successful is whether I could take off for three months.

266

So far I'm not successful.

267

Yeah, well, someday.

268

Oh yeah.

269

How do you how do you build an executive core around a company like this?

270

Obviously you and your partner had to take an awful lot of responsibility for...

271

Well, one of the things

272

that we always did was we tried to hire somebody who was better than us in a particular thing.

273

That's still my greatest joy right here is when we hire somebody that's better than I'll ever be at one particular thing.

274

So you try to hire just really outstanding people that are much too...

275

They're actually much too senior for the current jobs that you have.

276

But you know you're planning to grow so fast that in six months the job's just right for them.

277

And in a year they're scrambling to keep up with it.

278

So we've grown it, you know.

279

several hundred percent a year.

280

And it's a very, very different type of environment than most people are used to.

281

We've got a whole generation of managers here that are trained to grow at 400% a year.

282

And they'd be bored stiff growing at 30% a year.

✨ วิดีโอแนะนำ

808 ประโยค

A 28-year-old Steve Jobs gives a talk at the 1983 International Design Conference in Aspen

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79 ประโยค

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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้

วิดีโอนี้มี 282 ประโยค และ 3286 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 19:39 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 167 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 86% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก

คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:

คำศัพท์	คำอ่าน	ความหมาย
manufacturer คำนาม	/ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃəɹə/	ผู้ผลิต
intelligent คำคุณศัพท์	/ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/	ฉลาด
invention คำนาม	/ɪnˈvɛnʃən/	สิ่งประดิษฐ์
bicycle คำนาม	/ˈbaɪsɪk(ə)l/	จักรยาน, รถถีบ
calculator คำนาม	/kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/	เครื่องคิดเลข
hire คำกริยา	/ˈhaɪɹ/	จ้าง
slide คำนาม	/ˈslaɪ̯d/	กระดานลื่น
refrigerator คำนาม	/ɹɪˈfɹɪd͡ʒ.əˌɹeɪ.tɚ/	ตู้เย็น
occur คำกริยา	/əˈkɜː/	เกิด
compare คำกริยา	/kəmˈpɛɚ/	เปรียบเทียบ
ordinary คำคุณศัพท์	/ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/	สามัญ
vacation คำนาม	/veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/	วันหยุด
bother คำกริยา	/ˈbɑðɚ/	รบกวน, กวน
efficiency คำนาม	/ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/	ประสิทธิภาพ
vacuum คำนาม	/ˈvæ.kjuːm/	สุญญากาศ

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

คำศัพท์	ความหมาย
take off คำกริยา	ถอด

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:

โครงสร้าง	ในวิดีโอ
Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน	have existed · hasn't really taken · I've listed
Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ	could be brought · was designed · will be accomplished
Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ	guy who was · here, which can · Minnesota, which is

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 64 ครั้ง เช่น don't, we're, you're ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน

เสียง “th”: bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/
เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/, vacation /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/, efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/
คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: manufacturer /ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃəɹə/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, calculator /kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/, refrigerator /ɹɪˈfɹɪd͡ʒ.əˌɹeɪ.tɚ/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง manufacturer, intelligent, invention เป็นพิเศษ

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?

Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

เทคนิค shadowing: อ่านคู่มือฉบับเต็มทีละขั้นตอน →

ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Steve Jobs Interview - 2/18/1981

A 28-year-old Steve Jobs gives a talk at the 1983 International Design Conference in Aspen

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คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?