تدريب Shadowing: Steve Jobs Interview - 2/18/1981 - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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We have to presume any time we do a story that most of the audience hasn't,
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that any time you introduce any subject or any topic or any big word, really, that you have to familiarize the audience with.
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You were talking about 60 Minutes.
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They do the same thing.
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Harry Reisner did a piece on some guy who was a card counter playing blackjack a couple of weeks ago,
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and they spent about three minutes in the context of the story establishing how to play blackjack.
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Just the fact that you have to...
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Sure, go for 21.
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Yeah, go for 21.
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An interesting thing about television is it always seems to shoot for the lowest common denominator.
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Steve, I'd love to get a toucheat that we need.
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It sounds a little peculiar, but you can.
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And it'll be painless and over quickly.
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Great.
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Thank you.
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I could embrace him if you wish.
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No. The reason they take these two shots is because they do all of this market research on television,
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and they go into a shopping center and grab 50 viewers
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and put them in a trailer and show them tapes
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and to try to find out what they like and what they don't, what bothers them and what doesn't.
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One of the things that they found bothered viewers was, in a typical nightly, just like to see the environment that you're talking in,
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so hence the wide shot. Is it over?
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Yes, it's that painful part.
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Steve, when you began to develop this five years ago,
25
what sort of need did you see that existed then that you felt these computers was going to fill?
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Well, basically, are we actually doing this now?
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Yeah.
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Oh, great.
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The question is really what is a personal computer, computer and why is it different than all the other computers that have existed throughout history
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probably the best way to explain that is through an analogy
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when you look at the invention of the first electric motor
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in the late 1800s it was only possible to build a very large
33
and it was very very expensive
34
and therefore it could only be cost justified for the most expensive
35
or large applications and the electric motor really took its next step in proliferation
36
when somebody hooked a long shaft to it
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and ran it down the center of a factory through a series of belts some pulleys brought
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that power down to maybe 15 or 20 individual workstations, thereby cost justifying and sharing that horsepower among some medium-sized applications.
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But the electric motor really achieved a true proliferation in this society with the invention of the fractional horsepower electric motor.
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And at that point, the horsepower could be brought directly to where it was needed on a personal scale, cost justified for a small number of things.
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And we see the same thing, the same evolution if we examine the history of computing.
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The first computer, ENIAC, in 1946, was designed primarily for weather and ballistic calculations, very large tasks.
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And the next revolution in computing was in the 1960s with the invention of what's called time sharing.
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In essence, sharing one of these very large computers with maybe 40 or 50 terminals scattered through a company, and thereby cost-justifying it for medium-sized applications.
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What we think the personal computer industry is about is the invention of the fractional horsepower computer.
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Something that can be cost justified on the personal level.
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Something that weighs 12 pounds that you can throw out the window if you don't like.
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And it's really changing the way that people interact with computers.
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There's a one-on-one relationship that develops between one person and one computer.
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Now when you use the term a personal computer, you're avoiding the term a home computer for a deliberate reason, right?
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Right.
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We segment our market really into four major segments.
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Education, professional small business, home consumer, and scientific industrial.
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Now, the home market hasn't really taken off.
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It's probably the smallest of those four I've listed.
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We view the home now not as a market really, but as a location in which personal computers are used for a variety of functions sometimes.
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In other words, you can use a personal computer to do some portfolio management on some stocks.
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You can use a personal computer to do some educational...
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Can I answer that question?
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Sure, yeah.
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You can just pick it up.
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Great.
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San, when you grew up, you say...
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We're still waiting for a question.
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Great.
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Okay, John.
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And when you use the term a personal computer, you're deliberately avoiding the use of the term home computer, aren't you?
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Right.
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We view the home not really as a market yet.
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We view it more as a location.
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We sell a lot of personal computers that are used for financial analysis,
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for education in schools, for running laboratory experiments in universities and in scientific applications.
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And a lot of these personal computers are used in the home as a location, some of the time.
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But there's not enough specific applications to cost justify spending $1,000 to $3,000 for a personal computer to be used in the home yet.
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So we don't think the home is quite yet ready either culturally or economically.
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What type of person would need a personal computer today of the type you offer?
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Well, it gets back to the question of what is a personal computer again.
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Again, another analogy.
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There was an article in Scientific American in the early 70s
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which compared the efficiency of locomotion for various species of things on the planet.
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In other words, they measured how much energy it took for a bird to get from point A to point B, compared with the energy it took a fish to get the same distance, and a goat, and a person, and all sorts of other things.
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And they ranked them.
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And it turns out the condor won.
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Condor was the most efficient.
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And man came in with a rather unimpressive showing about a third of the way down the list.
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Somewhat disappointing.
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But someone there had the insight to test the efficiency of man riding a bicycle.
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And man riding a bicycle was twice as good as the condor, all the way off the end of the list.
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And what it really illustrated was man's ability as a toolmaker to fashion a tool
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that can amplify an inherent ability that he has.
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And that's exactly what we think we're doing.
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We think we're basically fashioning a 21st century bicycle here, which can amplify an inherent intellectual ability that man has
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and really take care of a lot of drudgery to free people to do much more creative work.
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Does this mean, do you think
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that personal computers in the 21st century will be as much a part of a home as, say, a refrigerator, a vacuum cleaner?
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We can look at what's happening right now.
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As an example, in the state of Minnesota, which is probably the leading state in the country,
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over 97% of the kids that graduate from high school have hands-on experience with an apple before they graduate.
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Now, these kids are growing up learning how to use this new tool in many, many phases of their life.
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They're hitting college.
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The same thing's happening.
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And so, very rapidly, the process of the integration of personal computers into the society will be accomplished.
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Let me illustrate two other processes which have happened in our lifetime very similar to this.
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You probably haven't used a piece of carbon paper or seen a mimeograph machine in a while.
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And yet the first Xerox machine was introduced less than 20 years ago.
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It'll be 20 years ago next month.
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And in 20 years, it's radically altered the way that we work.
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Another process, the HP35, first scientific handheld calculator, was introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1972.
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Well, we all know where that's gone in just nine years.
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But another interesting sidelight is in 1978, the largest manufacturer of slide rules in the world stopped making them entirely because the market had gone away.
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Six years.
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So we see
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that it is possible in our lifetimes for a process like this to radically influence the way
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that we work and even start to look at life.
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When you say start to look at life, where is the impact going to be felt most?
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In the intellectual process?
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In the day-to-day living process that is running the household?
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In terms of the way you spend your leisure time?
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Is there any way to pinpoint one of those areas as being the most likely to?
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What we have seen in almost all applications of personal computers that have happened to date, the industry is only five years old, but we've seen we've shipped,
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you know, in excess of 150,000 personal computers ourselves.
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We've seen a dramatic increase in the creativity of people in dealing with a problem.
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Rather than doing the drudgery, rather than using traditional tools, People are freed to think about the conceptual issues involved
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and the creative issues involved and use the computer actually to plow through the drudgery.
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This is an education where students can actually learn at their own pace,
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where they can interact with a computer rather than just having a one-way communication through the medium of television or books.
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They can actually interact with the medium.
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We're seeing this in the professional sphere where we no longer have, as an example at Apple, we no longer have secretaries at Apple.
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We have what we call area administrators.
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They're using the computers for all their word processing.
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They do all departmental budgeting on it.
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We do our entire forecasting using our own tools.
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And we're actually changing job descriptions based on allowing people to do more creative work rather than more work work.
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You mentioned that the calculators eliminated in at least one case indeed for slide rules, that your secretarial job descriptions are changing.
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Yes.
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Are there any other major areas that personal computers are going to change in
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that direction that most people would be familiar with or make obsolete?
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Well I don't think personal computers are making anything obsolete in the sense of what people do.
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I think they're enriching what people do.
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Again there is a common conception that people have of computers which is more along the lines of 1984.
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Very large, very centralized computers and I know the privacy issue is very, very hot in the media these days.
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But what we're finding is that when people actually see what a personal computer is, they see something that looks, you know, approximately, they can hold it in their hands, it weighs 12 pounds.
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Again, they can throw it out the window if they don't like it.
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And it is very decentralized.
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It's very democratic.
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And it's something that completely is almost the opposite of the 1984 conception we have.
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And what we're finding is it is enriching people's lives.
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It is freeing people to do things we think people do best.
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Is there any basis for comparing you to, say, Mattel and Atari, or is that like comparing apples and oranges?
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We describe our business as really making tools and not toys.
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And we're really interested in providing that bicycle type of tool to the marketplace.
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I think some other people are more interested in providing an entertainment value, which is valuable, of course, too, but that's not our business.
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Is there a difference in your technology as well?
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There's something happening, actually, in the whole personal computer industry with all the serious competitors.
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Again, this process of integrating personal computers into the society is going to take maybe 10 years to conclude.
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And we, of course, want to continue to sell more and more and more computers.
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The key to that will be to make the computers easier and easier and easier to use.
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And the way that that's going to happen is we're going to be spending more
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and more of the computer power in the box to adapt
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the computer more to the way people are familiar with doing things.
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So that people have to adapt less to the way computers do things.
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And therefore, it will require a more sophisticated computer.
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That's the paradox in our industry right now.
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To make a computer simpler to use requires a more sophisticated computer.
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That's part of the reason the home market doesn't exist yet, because if you think about it, the home user needs the easiest to use computer, therefore the most sophisticated, therefore one of the most expensive.
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So we expect prices not to come tumbling down in the next few years, but actually to stay, you'll get more computer power for the same dollar.
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You might even see prices increase a little.
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But the computers are going to get dramatically easier to use.
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You and your partner grew up in this valley, Silicon Valley.
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What kind of culture existed here that's led to all of the building that's gone on all the companies
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that have been created.
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This Santa Clara Valley, which we all refer to affectionately as Silicon Valley,
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is probably one of the finest examples of what I call sort of an entrepreneurial risk culture anywhere in the world.
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And both my partner Steve Wozniak and I both grew up here, and really some of the people that founded companies around the area,
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Hewlett and Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard and others, were really our role models, our heroes.
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And we like to think that we're carrying on that tradition.
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What is there left for you to do now that you're 25, your company's gone public, it's worth hundreds of millions of dollars?
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Well, we don't really feel we've accomplished what we set out to do yet.
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We've set out to really help lead this process of getting personal computers into the society and I think, ask me in five years.
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Great, thank you very much.
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Yeah, the only thought I had though is...
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Any time, yeah.
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Go ahead.
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Sure.
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Even though you and the video game manufacturers really exist in two different worlds, Yes.
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Is the fact that children and people in general are becoming
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so familiar with the use of these video games and the simple computers that go along with them
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going to make people more aware of personal computers in the future, do you think, and better able to deal with them?
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Sure.
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Matter of fact, it's not even only occurring in the video game area.
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It's occurring, as an example, with an automated bank teller.
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People are interacting more and more with intelligent devices, whether it be an intelligent game or an intelligent bank teller or whatever.
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And you're already seeing it in society now.
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People are becoming more and more familiar with interacting with intelligent electronic devices.
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and that's changing things culturally.
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It's a step along the way.
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Thank you.
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Okay, thank you very much.
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Okay.
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Did you get what you want? Is that...?
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Yeah, that was was good.
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I think it doesn't tie you to them professionally,
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but I think it does to the idea that Los Angeles,
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just because there's so much work on that coast and then the other five or six months in between.
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Where exactly do you work?
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What, do you need Steve talking or do you want me to re-ask?
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You don't even need to re-answer.
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What they'll do is take this and splice it in.
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Great.
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You know how it works.
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So I don't need to talk.
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No, great.
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Just nod or something.
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So when they make the edit, it'll look as if you're, make some physical motion.
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Yeah, right.
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I'm going to begin with the re-ask.
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Is that okay, John?
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Yeah, just kind of have a .
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Great.
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Don't move, Steve.
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Yeah.
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When you began to develop this business five years ago, what sort of need for personal computers did you observe?
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Steve, when you began to develop the business about five years ago, what needs for personal computers did you observe then?
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When you use the word personal computer, you intentionally avoid the word home computer.
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Now, when you use the term personal computer, you deliberately avoided the use of the term home computer, right?
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What type of person would have a personal computer today?
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What type of individual would have a personal computer?
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What type of individual would buy a personal computer today?
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This was just a statement.
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We always get a lot of good answers.
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I just re-ask here, too.
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This was just a statement.
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Does this mean that personal computers in the 21st century would be as ordinary as say a refrigerator? Does this mean
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that personal computers in the 21st century would be as ordinary a part of a household as say a refrigerator
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or a vacuum cleaner?
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I can't crack this guy up.
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Oh, yes, you can.
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I used to be the easiest guy.
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That's another story.
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I'm not going to tell it where they'll have it on tape
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and somebody will pull it out and it blew for real.
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I'm not going to like that.
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Yeah, sure you're not.
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OK, next question.
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OK.
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Where is the impact of personal computers going to be felt the most?
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OK.
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Where's the impact of personal computers going to be felt most in the future?
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And then there was a lengthy question that had to do with calculators
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and secretarial jobs and any other changes he might foresee in the future.
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OK.
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If calculators are making slide rules obsolete and your computer is allowing you to redefine your secretarial jobs into other categories,
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more creative categories, what other types of things are going to change as a result of personal computers or be made obsolete? Does that do it?
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Even though you and the video manufacturers, or Apple and the video game manufacturers,
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exist in different worlds, is there some awareness of computer technology that comes from.
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Even though Apple and the video game manufacturers really exist in two different worlds,
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are these video games in a sense getting people more accustomed to the idea of personal computers?
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Okay, great.
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Now I will listen to Steve, right?
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You can say anything.
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This is the fun part.
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Where do you do you vacation in this area or do you go?
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No, I don't.
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I haven't taken a vacation in a long time.
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That's how I measure whether I'm successful is whether I could take off for three months.
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So far I'm not successful.
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Yeah, well, someday.
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Oh yeah.
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How do you how do you build an executive core around a company like this?
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Obviously you and your partner had to take an awful lot of responsibility for...
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Well, one of the things
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that we always did was we tried to hire somebody who was better than us in a particular thing.
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That's still my greatest joy right here is when we hire somebody that's better than I'll ever be at one particular thing.
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So you try to hire just really outstanding people that are much too...
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They're actually much too senior for the current jobs that you have.
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But you know you're planning to grow so fast that in six months the job's just right for them.
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And in a year they're scrambling to keep up with it.
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So we've grown it, you know.
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several hundred percent a year.
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And it's a very, very different type of environment than most people are used to.
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We've got a whole generation of managers here that are trained to grow at 400% a year.
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And they'd be bored stiff growing at 30% a year.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 282 جملة و3286 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 19:39. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة طبيعية، نحو 167 كلمة في الدقيقة، قريبة من المحادثة اليومية. 86% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، ويُستحسن مراجعة الباقي قبل البدء.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| justify فعل | /ˈd͡ʒʌstɪfaɪ/ | بَرَّرَ |
| manufacturer اسم | /ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃəɹə/ | صَانِع, مُصَنِّع |
| intelligent صفة | /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/ | ذَكِيّ |
| invention اسم | /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/ | اِخْتِرَاع |
| bicycle اسم | /ˈbaɪsɪk(ə)l/ | دَرَّاجَة, بسْكليت |
| obsolete صفة | /ˈɑbsəlit/ | عفا عليها الزمن |
| calculator اسم | /kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/ | حَاسِبَة, آلَة حَاسِبَة |
| hire فعل | /ˈhaɪɹ/ | أَجَّرَ |
| slide اسم | /ˈslaɪ̯d/ | زَحْلِيقَة, مَزْلَقَة |
| refrigerator اسم | /ɹɪˈfɹɪd͡ʒ.əˌɹeɪ.tɚ/ | ثَلَّاجَة |
| occur فعل | /əˈkɜː/ | حَدَثَ, وَقَعَ |
| compare فعل | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | قَارَنَ |
| ordinary صفة | /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/ | عَادِيّ, مَأْلُوف |
| vacation اسم | /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ | عُطْلَة, إِجَازَة |
| bother فعل | /ˈbɑðɚ/ | أزْعَجَ |
الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها
| الكلمة | المعنى |
|---|---|
| grow up فعل | كَبُرَ, ْنَشَأ |
| go away فعل | اِبْتَعَدَ |
| take off فعل | خَلَعَ |
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | have existed · hasn't really taken · I've listed |
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | be cost · could be brought · was designed |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | guy who was · here, which can · Minnesota, which is |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 64 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل don't, we're, you're. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “th”: bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/, vacation /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/, efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: manufacturer /ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃəɹə/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, calculator /kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/, refrigerator /ɹɪˈfɹɪd͡ʒ.əˌɹeɪ.tɚ/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل justify, manufacturer, intelligent.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.