ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Why Attacking a Sleeping Roman Army Was a Death Trap
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Germany in the year 15 AD.
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Inside a Roman army camp in the middle of the night a horse breaks loose from its rope.
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It bolts through the camp and the soldiers who hear it decide the Germans have broken in.
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They run for the gates.
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Most of them choose the rear gate, the one facing away from the enemy.
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Their general is a veteran named Caicina in his 40th year as a soldier.
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He gives orders and nobody listens.
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He pleads.
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He tries force.
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Then he goes to the gateway and lies down across it.
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Anyone who wants to leave will have to step on him.
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Nobody does.
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These men have reasons to be afraid.
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For two days, a German army has been killing them in a marsh.
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They have no tents, no bandages, and most of their tools are gone.
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Tonight's wall is a heap of earth they scraped together that evening.
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At first light, the Germans come for that wall, expecting an easy kill.
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By dusk, the broken army is the German one.
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So how does an army this frightened become deadly the moment it's attacked where it sleeps?
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One German could have answered that.
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He had already wiped out three Roman legions and he argued against going anywhere near this camp.
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His own side overruled him.
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Two days earlier, those frightened men were an army of four legions, roughly 20 ,000 soldiers marching home.
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For years, Rome has been trying to conquer Germany, the land beyond the River Rhine.
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This summer's campaign is over, and Caicina has one job left.
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Get his men back to the Rhine, where Roman territory begins.
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His way home is the Long Bridges, a single narrow road raised above a marsh built years before and now falling apart.
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But a German army knows a faster way and gets there first.
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It fills the woods on both sides of that road, and its leader is the last man a Roman wants to meet in a forest.
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He is Arminius, a German chief.
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Six years earlier, in a place called the Teutzeburg Forest,
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he caught a Roman general named Varus with three legions strung out on the march and destroyed all three.
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Earlier in this very campaign, a Roman army found the place whitening bones, broken weapons, skulls fixed to the trees.
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This channel has told that story in full.
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What matters here is what Arminius took from it.
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A Roman army can be killed if you catch it moving.
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And here is another Roman army moving.
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Before Caiciena's army and its wagons can cross, the road has to be repaired, with deep mud and streams on every side.
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The Germans attack while the Romans are working.
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It's a bad place to wear armor.
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The Romans flounder in slime under the weight of it, while Arminius' men, who are used to fighting in marshes, reach them with long lances.
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Only nightfall ends it.
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Then the Germans divert the streams and the hills, and the water runs down over everything the Romans repaired that day.
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That night the Germans feast, and the valleys fill with their singing.
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On the Roman side, the fires burn low.
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Men lie awake beside the wall or wander between the tents.
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Caicina does sleep, and Tacitus, the Roman historian who tells this story, gives us his dream.
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Varus, the dead general whose army Arminius destroyed, rises out of the marsh covered in blood.
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He calls to Caicina and holds out a hand, as if to pull him down too.
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Caicina pushes the hand away.
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In the morning, his army nearly ends up the way Varus' did.
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At dawn, the men guarding the sides of the column leave their posts and hurry for dry ground, and the column comes apart.
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Arminius waits until the baggage wagons are stuck fast in the mud.
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Then he attacks, shouting to his men that this is Varus and his legions all over again.
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The Germans go for the horses, which slip in the blood and the mud and throw their riders.
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Kaikina's own horse is stabbed under him.
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He goes down and he is almost surrounded before one of his legions gets between him and the Germans.
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What saves the army is its luggage.
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The Germans stop killing to grab the loot.
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Ooh, free stuff.
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By evening, the legions have dragged themselves onto open, firm ground.
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It's the most useful thing the baggage has done all day.
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Speaking of free stuff, a like and a subscribe cost you nothing, and they keep this channel going.
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On that firm ground, Caicina's men, hungry and with most of their tools lost,
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do what a Roman army did at the end of every day's march.
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They dig.
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On a normal evening, that meant a ditch, a wall of piled -up earth, and a fence of stakes on top.
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Tonight, it means whatever they can manage.
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One Roman general put it this way, A camp is a shelter for the winner and a refuge for the loser.
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Tonight, nobody needs telling which they are. and
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that is the moment arminius stops attacking he has been winning for two days
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now his enemy is behind a wall of fresh earth
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and he wants to wait he has a reason arminius knows exactly what is behind
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that wall because he used to sleep behind one before he turned on rome he fought in its army
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and everything he learned there tells him the same thing don't attack it
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He knows a Roman army builds one of these every single evening, wherever it stops.
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Every foot soldier carries the tools for it.
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A saw, a basket, a pickaxe.
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Modern estimates put the building at around three hours.
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Three hours of digging after a full day's march.
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You're joking.
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A Roman general named Corbulo used to say that the pick was the weapon that beat the enemy.
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Corbulo was not the one holding it.
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He knows about the empty strip.
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Just inside the wall, the Romans leave a wide belt of bare ground all the way around.
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Spears and arrows thrown over the wall in the dark mostly land there,
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short of the tents, and it gives the army room to line up behind its own wall.
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And he knows what the night is like in there.
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Guards on the wall and men walking from post to post through the dark, checking that every one of them is awake.
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And a guard caught asleep?
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An officer touches him once with a wooden club, then the rest of the camp beats or stones him, usually to death.
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So a Roman army never fully sleeps.
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Part of it is always awake, with excellent reasons to stay that way.
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But Arminius also knows the one weakness of a Roman camp.
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In the morning, it goes away.
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It takes three trumpet calls.
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At the first, the tent comes down.
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At the second, the baggage is loaded, and the third hurries the stragglers.
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Then, according to one man who watched them do it, the Romans set fire to the camp so that no enemy could use it.
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They could always build another.
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And an army on the road has no wall.
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That is how he destroyed Varus.
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It is what he is counting on now.
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Tomorrow, Kaikina's army has to march out, back into wet, broken ground, where he has mauled it twice.
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All he has to do is wait for the trumpets.
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Outside the Roman camp, Arminius argues for waiting, and his uncle argues back.
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The uncle's name is Inguiomirus, and he wants to surround the camp and storm it.
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He has his reasons.
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It will be easier, it will be more prisoners, and the plunder won't be damaged.
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The warriors like the uncle's plan better.
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The man who destroyed three legions on the march is overruled.
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They will attack the camp at first light.
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Inside the Roman camp, this is the night of the horse.
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The panic at the gate ends when the officers explain that it was a false alarm.
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Then Kaikina gathers his men and gives them a plan.
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Nobody runs.
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Nobody attacks.
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Everyone waits behind the wall while the Germans climb it.
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Then, on one signal, the whole army charges out of the gates at once.
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It asks the men who ran from a horse to stand still while an army climbs their wall.
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Then Kaikina takes the officer's horses, starting with his own, and gives them to his bravest soldiers.
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They will ride out first, and the foot soldiers will follow.
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At first light, the Germans come.
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They fill in the ditch, they throw wicker panels across it, and they reach for the top of the wall.
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Up there, they can see only a few Roman soldiers.
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and those few look frozen with fear.
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After the night those men have had, it can't have been hard to look that way.
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This is what the uncle promised.
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More and more
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Germans climb into the ditch and onto the wall.
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Behind that wall, Kaikina's whole army is standing still.
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They're doing the hardest thing their general has asked of them, which is nothing.
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When the Germans are thick on the defenses, the signal is given.
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Horns and trumpet sound.
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The Romans pour out of the gates.
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Oh, fk.
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They hit the Germans from behind.
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The attackers are packed against a wall of earth, facing the wrong way.
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The ditch and the wall haven't stopped the Germans.
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They've held them in one place, while the open ground behind gave a whole army room to line up and choose its moment.
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It is everything Arminius knew about a Roman camp, happening to his uncle. That was the trap.
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A Roman army in its camp only looked asleep.
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For two days these men have been dying in mud.
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Now they have something to shout at the Germans.
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Here there are no woods and no swamps, only level ground.
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The Germans came for a few half -armed men.
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What they get is the noise of the horns and a flash of weapons on every side, and it breaks them.
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Arminius gets out of the fight unhurt.
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His uncle gets out of it badly wounded.
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For the rest, the killing goes on as long as the daylight and the Romans' anger last.
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The legions come back to their camp at dusk.
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They have more wounds than before and no more food.
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That night, the victory was enough.
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And Caicina did his one job.
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His army reached the Rhine.
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On the march, Arminius had destroyed one Roman army and nearly a second.
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Then his own side attacked a Roman army in its camp, the place where it slept.
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It was the one thing he had argued against.
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I said, wait.
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The night before, a Roman general lay down in a gateway to keep frightened men inside a wall of earth.
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Outside that wall, they had been losing for two days.
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Behind it, they won in one.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “Why Attacking a Sleeping Roman Army Was a Death Trap” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: Roman, army, German, wall, camp วิดีโอนี้มี 162 ประโยค และ 1834 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 10:55 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 168 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 82% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| gate คำนาม | /ˈɡeɪ̯t/ | ประตู |
| argue คำกริยา | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | เถียง, ถก |
| uncle คำนาม | /ˈʌŋ.kl̩/ | ลุง, อา |
| tent คำนาม | /tɛnt/ | กระโจม, เต็นท์ |
| ditch คำนาม | /dɪt͡ʃ/ | คู, คูน้ำ |
| climb คำกริยา | /ˈklaɪ̯m/ | ปีน, ขึ้น |
| trumpet คำนาม | /ˈtɹʌmpɪt/ | ทรัมเป็ต |
| repair คำกริยา | /ˈɹiːpɛɚ/ | ซ่อม, ซ่อมแซม |
| asleep คำคุณศัพท์ | /əˈsliːp/ | หลับ |
| column คำนาม | /ˈkɒləm/ | เสา |
| wound คำนาม | /ˈwund/ | บาดแผล |
| horn คำนาม | /hɔɹn/ | เขา, นอ |
| hurry คำกริยา | /ˈhʌ.ɹi/ | รีบ |
| shout คำกริยา | /ʃaʊt/ | ตะโกน, กระโชก |
| surround คำกริยา | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | ล้อม |
กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน
| คำศัพท์ | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| lie down คำกริยา | นอน |
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — การกระทำที่เริ่มก่อนหน้านี้และยังดำเนินอยู่ | has been killing · has been trying · has been winning |
| “used to” used to + กริยา — นิสัยหรือสภาพในอดีตที่ตอนนี้ไม่เป็นแล้ว | used to sleep · used to say |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | have broken · has told · have dragged |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | can be killed · be repaired · are stuck |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 7 ครั้ง เช่น can't, don't, haven't ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “th”: thick /θɪk/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: marsh /mɑɹʃ/, shout /ʃaʊt/, flash /flæʃ/, shelter /ˈʃɛltə/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: ditch /dɪt͡ʃ/, marsh /mɑɹʃ/, flash /flæʃ/, brave /bɹeɪv/, fence /fɛns/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: brave /bɹeɪv/, wherever /(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/, veteran /ˈvɛ.tə.ɹən/, overrule /ˌoʊ.vɚˈɹul/, divert /daɪˈvɝt/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: prisoner /ˈpɹɪzənə/, freeze /ˈfɹiːz/, loser /luzɚ/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง gate, argue, uncle เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ