ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Your API Can’t Handle Real-World Integrations

Let's say you build a nice REST API product, but then you release it and you find out your customers can't integrate it with their own systems.

One customer needs a CRM ID, another needs a warehouse reference,

and someone asks whether you can just add one more field for some external system that they use.

And before you know it, your schema becomes a huge mess.

Now, in this video I'll show you a much cleaner approach that won't require you turning your API into a junk drawer.

It's very simple to build, the Stripe API does it this way, and I think more APIs should add this feature because it makes them way more usable.

Now, what I've learned over the years is that with ideas like this, it's not just important that you know they exist, but that you also understand the design trade-offs behind them.

And that's exactly what I go deep into in Software Design Mastery.

This is not just another course with patterns and principles, it's a comprehensive system for thinking about design and trade-offs.

If you want to be part of that, join the waiting list at iron.codes.mastery.

The link is in the description.

Now, I'm starting with a simple working FastAPI app.

So this is the main file.

I'm using a SQL Alchemy database for this FastAPI app.

And it's very basic.

It just has a few concepts.

So there is a customer, there is a product, and there are orders.

And this is what the API allows us to work with.

And as you can see, I have a declarative base, just like you're supposed to do with SQLAlchemy.

And then I create these different classes.

So customer has ID, email, name, there are orders, there are products, there are also mapped to orders.

And an order itself is, again, linked to a customer and a product and has some other data as well.

This is a pretty basic setup.

And by the way, the full code example, as usual, you can find in the code example, Git repository.

The link is also in the description of the video.

Now next to these models there is a couple of other modules as well, like the routes, which is the most important one,

where we have different endpoints like posting to the customer's endpoint to create a new customer.

There is an endpoint for getting the customer by ID.

You can patch a customer.

You can do the same thing for products and the same thing for orders as well.

So let's start this API using UVcorn.

And now I can send a simple request to create a new customer.

Like so.

Now we have this customer with ID 1.0.

And then I can use the API in different ways.

For example, here I'm retrieving that same customer from the database that I just created.

Now, once this app starts integrating with other systems, then new requirements are going to appear very quickly.

Maybe one of your clients has a CRM

and they want their own customer ID that they store along with the customers in your API.

Or some accounting system wants a contact reference.

or a warehouse tool wants an order reference, a migration script wants to remember some old legacy identifier.

And these fields are really important, but they're not really part of the core domain model of your API.

You can't know in advance what all these fields are going to be

because they're going to be dependent on the clients that use your API.

These are really integration specific.

Now, some APIs offer custom fields for this

and then it's often implemented like you need to specify what custom fields there are.

These things get their own ID and then you can read

or write these custom fields that are then attached to different resources in your API.

But there is actually a simpler way to do it and that's by using a really great data structure called JSON.

The idea is, and this is also how Stripe sort of does it is

that you have a metadata or custom data field

that is a JSON format that your customer can basically set in any way that they want.

But you don't just want to add a JSON field

and leave it at that because then it's not really usable

because if you want to update let's say one value in

that JSON structure you need to pass in the complete JSON

data into the request in order not to delete everything that's in there.

So we need to implement it in a specific way

and that's also how it's done in stripe

and you can actually add this to your api as well

so we want let's call it custom data to behave like

a normal field in the api clients should be able to

send it on create request they should be able to update it

and pass request and it should also be able to remove individual keys without replacing the whole object

so they should be able to send a key value pair to add

or update the value they should be able to send a key with a null value

which will unset it

and they should also be able to send an empty object to basically clear all of the custom data

and combine this gives you a very flexible and predictable behavior

that works very well for apis

so how do we add this here well there's a very logical place in the database models actually

which is that we have this declarative base

because obviously we want this custom data to be available for all of the different resources for customers for products

and for orders and we want to avoid

that we copy this all over the place

so what you can do here is actually rely on inheritance

even though i'm personally more of a fan of composition in this case i think inheritance is a good solution

because it's already built into sql alchemy

so what we'll do is we will add this custom data field to the declarative base

so when you do that this is actually what that looks like

so base now has a custom data field it's a json type we won't allow it to be null

because we always want it to be an object

so that's what we have

but now the only thing we need to do is of

course define the behavior of changing this custom data object now you could add

that to the routes but again you'd have to copy paste

that behavior all over the place and actually there is a very easy way to add it to declarative base in SQLAlchemy.

The first thing that you can do is define a function that applies the data to the custom data.

So and then we'll call this from somewhere else.

So this gets a dictionary with the new data and there we basically have to work with the three different cases.

The first case is very simple that if the patch is the empty dictionary then

self.customData is simply going to be the empty dictionary and we're done.

We can return.

So this is basically a way of clearing the custom data.

The next step is that we can go through the key value pairs in the patch and apply them one by one.

So first let's store the custom data in a temporary variable.

And if that doesn't happen to exist, let's make it the empty object.

So we don't run into any issues we always note that there is an object.

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So for key, the value in the items of patch,

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and then now we can handle the two remaining values.

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So if the value is none, that means that we want to unset the key.

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So we do current.pop the key.

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And default, if the key doesn't exist, we simply ignore it.

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Else, that means the key has a value.

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So in that case, current key equals the value.

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So we simply set the value.

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And then finally, once we've done this, we set the custom data to the current object,

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so that this is also handled correctly if this is the empty dictionary.

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Now maybe you could do this directly on the custom data, but I kind of like using a temporary variable here feels a bit safer.

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But now the magic is that we can have a method apply patch and this gets data.

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And this actually overrides a standard method in the declarative base.

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So this is going to be called automatically whenever we update the object.

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And here what we're going to do is we're going to loop over the items in data

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and then we can simply handle the cases here.

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So if the value is none and the key is not custom data we can simply ignore this case.

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And if the key is custom data,

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well in that case we're going to call our custom data patch method

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and we're simply going to pass the data like

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so else we can use setAther to set the key to the value

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so this basically means the standard behavior of SQLAlchemy

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and then the only thing left to do is

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that in our schemas for creating and reading customers and

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so on we have to make sure that there is a custom data field.

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So here's how you could do that.

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It's very simple.

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We simply define custom data as part of our schema by simply adding it there to the classes.

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So in this case I created a custom data schema

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and then whenever I create a customer I make a subclass of

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that so we can also set the custom data whenever we create the customer.

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And I did the same thing for reading the customers

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and you can also add it for other things like creating products for example.

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So adding the custom data here is actually very little work.

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So now that we have this, it's really easy to add custom data to our resources.

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For example, here I'm creating a new customer where I set an actual customer ID in the CRM

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that I pass as custom data and now my customer has this as part of the object. And

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if I want to add more custom data I can actually

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simply pass it by setting a key value pair in the custom data like so.

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And as you can see it currently does something weird

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which is that it puts custom data inside the custom data and that's because I made a mistake.

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Namely when I apply the catch I shouldn't pass all the data here I should actually pass the value like so.

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Let's try this again I've deleted the database

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and I'm creating the customer one more time and now let's add another custom data field.

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As you can see now it has the desired behavior

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so now it sets our billing ID but it doesn't delete the CRM custom ID which is really neat.

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We can also remove a custom field value by simply setting the value to null like so.

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As you can see We get the customer back.

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It keeps the CRM customer ID, but it has deleted billing ID.

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And finally, if we want to clear all custom data, we simply set it to the empty object.

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And that also works.

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So overall, I think this is a really useful pattern you can add to your API.

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And it's actually really simple to do, especially if you're using something like SQL Alchemy.

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The only thing you need to do is basically add this piece of code to your declarative base.

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And anything that inherits from this is going to have custom data with the behavior that I demonstrated in this video.

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And of course, you need to make sure that custom data is part of your schemas, but that's like a pretty easy thing to add.

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So in my opinion, more APIs should add this feature because this is really useful, but only use this for the right thing.

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So good uses for this are external IDs that you want to couple with,

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integration-specific references, small optional flags or tags, data that is useful context but not core domain structure.

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I wouldn't use this to store important business logic or data

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that you constantly need to query or search through things that really should be first-class fields in your API.

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Now a good rule of thumb is that

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if the field is part of the meaning of the model make it a real column.

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If it's just custom context then it fits great into a custom data object like this.

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And by the way

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if you enjoy these types of practical design breakdowns where we go beyond just making something work

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and look at why design is good

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or bad like this video subscribe to the channel it helps

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me out a lot in summary what makes this feature nice is

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that it's not just storing JSON but that we slightly modify the behaviors

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that it's really easy to use

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and by making it part of the declarative base it's really

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easy to add to the various resources in your API

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but I'd like to see what you think have you added

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this type of metadata custom data thing to your API's have

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you seen other API's implement this feature let me know in

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the comments I haven't talked much about how to actually organize

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the business logic in this API like the database the routes

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anything else your API needs watch this video next to learn more about how to properly design

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and using a really cool pattern called ports and adapters.

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Thanks for watching and see you next time.

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