Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: How The Dinosaurs Actually Died
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A ruthless murder was committed.
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A ruthless murder was committed.
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Someone killed the dinosaurs, and we have the murderer.
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Witnesses say that an Everest-sized asteroid hit Earth,
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devastated the planet and caused a mass extinction.
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A simple, fascinating and convincing explanation.
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Or is it?
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In the last few years,
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new evidence has reinvigorated an older theory pointing at a second suspect.
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A very slow and liquid asteroid,
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1,000 times bigger, hitting Earth on the opposite side of the planet.
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Like the true crime channel we are,
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let's look at the new evidence and tell a different story that could change everything we thought we knew.
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The last days of a kingdom.
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66 million years ago, Earth was barely recognizable.
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It was the last days of the Cretaceous,
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one of the hottest periods in Earth's history, and much more humid.
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Lush jungles and woodlands covered much of the planet.
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Even the polar regions were home to forests of prehistoric pines and ferns.
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Amazing ecosystems that were robust enough to survive the many months of darkness during the polar night.
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Oversized animals were everywhere.
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Pterosaurs filled the skies.
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Marine lizards and long-necked monsters up to 15 meters swam in the oceans.
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And on land, basically everything larger than one meter was a dinosaur one of the most successful animals ever to walk Earth,
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dominating the world for more than 150 million years.
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And then they were murdered.
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All these majestic creatures vanished in a split second of geological time.
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Why?
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Yes, it is true that around that time a big asteroid hit Earth.
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But was this actually what killed the dinosaurs?
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Or did it arrive just in time to get all the blame?
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Because according to some recent science,
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just before the asteroid struck,
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an ancient nightmare, older than even the dinosaurs,
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decided to destroy the world.
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Let's look at how it might have done it.
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The Beast Slowly Awakens The ancient continents almost resembled the world of today, but not quite.
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India was still a continent-sized tropical island,
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full of lush rainforests and exotic life on its way to smash into Asia.
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But this paradise also hosted something else.
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The Deccan Traps, a volcanic region a thousand kilometers wide and about to come to life in a dramatic fashion.
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The apocalypse began quietly and silently.
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About 800,000 years before the impact,
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the Deccan Traps began to exhale about 10 million tons of CO2 and sulfur dioxide each year.
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Which in the grand scheme of things was not that much,
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so for a long time no one noticed.
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The problem was, these emissions wouldn't stop.
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For half a million years,
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they started to dangerously pile up in the atmosphere.
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About 300,000 years before the asteroid,
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the Deccan Traps started to vomit lava.
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This was nothing like a normal eruption.
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It was a lava flood.
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Imagine a landscape with volcanoes stretching beyond the horizon.
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They were constantly active, releasing a steady flow of massive amounts of poison and lava,
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interrupted by much more violent and deadly eruptions.
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The lush paradise of India was the first victim as gigantic clouds spread toxic fumes and poisoned the coastal regions.
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Clouds of ash darkened the sky as rivers of magma started massive wildfires,
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eradicating many local ecosystems and paving the continent with dead dinosaurs.
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Still at this point, it all looked like a local catastrophe,
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one of many that have hit our planet over its billions of years of history.
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Had it stopped here, there might still be dinosaurs today.
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But the nightmare hadn't even begun yet.
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The beast turns furious.
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The Deccan Traps would just not stop spewing lava.
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And so, after hundreds of thousands of years of never-ending volcanic emissions,
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the catastrophe became global.
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First, the planet experienced a wave of heating,
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with oceans getting at least 2 degrees Celsius hotter in just 100,000 years.
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Which is bad, but just about the time frame that leaves ecosystems a chance to adapt.
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But then, nature would pull a cruel prank.
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Some of the gases of the Deccan traps heated the planet up,
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while others cooled it down.
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But the mix was uneven,
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so after the initial warming,
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a period of cooling followed,
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followed, massively stressing the ecosystems that barely managed to adapt to the hotter temperatures.
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At the same time, the sulfur in the atmosphere came back down as acid rain,
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while the CO2 was acidifying the oceans and killing the plankton,
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which was, and still is today,
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the basis of the food web in the oceans.
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And if plankton disappears, a massive extinction is all but guaranteed.
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But now, the grand finale was about to begin.
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About 50,000 years before impact, the true apocalypse came.
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Like a cosmic horror breaking out of its prison,
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the Deccan Traps roared and screamed
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and began to spew out tens of trillions of tons of magma
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and even more deadly gases in an onslaught that lasted for several thousand years,
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rolling over ecosystems, devastating everything they reached.
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For a time as long as all of human civilization,
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this lava Armageddon brought massive wildfires.
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Earthquakes and tsunamis smashed and shook the continent.
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So much heat was released from the roaring hot interior of our planet that it might have created hypercanes,
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cyclones tens of kilometers wide with winds reaching almost 1,000 kilometers an hour,
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three times more than the deadliest hurricane ever recorded by humanity.
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These storms were so massive and intense
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that they could reach tens of kilometers into the stratosphere
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and rip holes into the ozone layer with devastating consequences for all life,
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now without protection from the sun's radiation.
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And of course, where the hyperstorms occurred,
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devastation and death would follow.
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And as if all this wasn't enough,
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out of the guts of the earth came colossal amounts of venom.
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Giant clouds loaded with mercury and hydrochloric acid rolled over the planet,
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delivering the final blow to the remnants of a once magnificent and fertile world.
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As food chains crumbled and the whole world around them collapsed,
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some of the last dinosaurs to ever walk the earth may have died vomiting toxic foam while being bathed in acid rain.
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A cruel end for for the members of a noble family that had ruled the world for so long.
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Then it just ended.
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The frenetic eruptions slowed down and the endless natural disasters began to fade away.
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But the world was changed forever.
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The monster had left unfathomable devastation and corpses in its wake.
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Even the planet's ecosystems far away were severely wounded.
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It was the end of a whole geological era.
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A murder that started slowly and then turned loud and violent.
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And then it happened.
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Like a cosmic joke, on the other side of the world,
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a bright dot of light appeared in the sky.
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And an instant later, an asteroid 10 kilometers across smashed into Earth with the power of 4 billion atomic bombs.
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If you want to see what this was like,
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we made a whole video about it.
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If life on Earth was like a murder victim barely holding on,
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this was the final blow.
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Just too much.
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After the massacre on the other side of the world,
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the Deccan Traps went on expelling tens of trillions of tons of deadly gases for another 800,000 years,
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making sure the devastated planet stayed covered in poison.
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When they eventually finished and truly went back to sleep,
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75% of all species on Earth had perished.
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Most famously, almost all dinosaurs.
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Except birds, the only dinos that are still with us today today.
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Their stunning beauty and diversity are a shy reminder of how majestic and wonderful their larger cousins must have been.
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So, who was the murderer?
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Were the dinosaurs doomed by the traps,
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or would they have survived without the asteroid?
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Was it teamwork?
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Well, we don't know.
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Scientists have been fiercely debating this question for years,
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but for now we have no definite answer.
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The timeline of events
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that we've shown here is based on some of the most recent reconstructions of the evolution of the Deccan traps.
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There are other ones that paint a different picture,
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but right now scientists are still fiercely arguing over this.
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Check our sources to learn more.
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So, like much of true crime,
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we can't end this story with an easy and satisfying resolution.
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Time has the nasty habit of erasing evidence,
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so maybe we'll never really know.
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But there is something else hidden in the dust, something truly terrifying.
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As we learn more and more about the past,
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we've found
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that at least four of the five Five big mass extinctions
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happened at the same time as the Earth was furiously spewing gargantuan amounts of magma.
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The monster that might have killed the dinosaurs seems to be a serial killer.
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The worst massacre ever, the Permian mass extinction 250 million years ago,
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was caused by the Siberian Traps,
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a hellish flood of lava that killed 95% of all the species on Earth,
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almost bringing life to its knees.
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Still recently, many scientists thought that this was an outlier,
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but new evidence suggests it may have been the rule.
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Other big mass extinctions happened when the monster awoke from its sleep,
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and the longer and more violently it rampaged,
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the more slaughter we can see in the fossil record.
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So maybe the dinosaurs were not massacred by a casual murderer from outer space,
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but by a serial killer hiding beneath our feet.
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Do you need to worry about all of this?
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Definitely not.
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While the monster is real,
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it's amazingly slow and currently very sleepy.
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If it were about to awaken again,
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scientists monitoring the Earth's interior would get a warning really early,
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maybe even millions of years in advance,
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time enough to prepare and move out of the way.
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Enough about mysteries of the past and onto puzzles in the present.
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A puzzle maybe?
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Các cấu trúc ngữ pháp trong video rất quan trọng để hiểu nội dung một cách sâu sắc. Dưới đây là một số cấu trúc tiêu biểu:
- “was committed” - Dùng để chỉ một hành động đã hoàn thành trong quá khứ. Ví dụ như “Một vụ án mạng đã được thực hiện.”
- “have the murderer” - Cấu trúc hiện tại hoàn thành thường được sử dụng để nói về những điều đã xảy ra nhưng vẫn liên quan đến hiện tại. Ví dụ: “Chúng ta có kẻ giết người.”
- “struck Earth” - Động từ quá khứ đơn, cho thấy một hành động xảy ra nhanh chóng và cụ thể.
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- “was barely recognizable” - Diễn tả sự thay đổi mạnh mẽ, giúp bạn hiểu cách mô tả sự thay đổi trong ngữ cảnh.
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