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Oxford Read and Discover Level 4 Wonders of the Past by Katherine Harper Read by Laurel Lefkoe Published
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Oxford Read and Discover Level 4 Wonders of the Past by Katherine Harper Read by Laurel Lefkoe Published
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and Copyright Oxford University Press 2010 Introduction What is a wonder?
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It's something amazing.
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When we see it, we ask, how is this possible?
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Nature makes many wonders.
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People make wonders, too.
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What is a wonder of the past?
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It's something amazing that people made a long time ago.
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What are these wonders of the past? Where are they?
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What wonders are there in your country?
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Discover!
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Now read and discover more about some wonders of the past.
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Chapter 1 Stonehenge The Stonehenge stone circles are in England.
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People transported the first stones to this place about five thousand years ago.
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We don't know a lot about Stonehenge.
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Who built it?
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How did they build it?
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Why did they build it?
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It's a mystery.
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People built Stonehenge with blue stones and sarsen stones.
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There were about 80 bluestones.
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They came from mountains 250 kilometers away.
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They are very heavy.
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Some weigh about 4 metric tons.
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Discover!
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The biggest sarsen stone weighs about 45 metric tons.
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That's like 10 elephants.
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The sarsen stones are even bigger and heavier.
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About 4,000 years ago, people transported them from 30 kilometers away.
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How did people use Stonehenge?
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Maybe they used it as a cemetery or a place for studying the sun and the stars.
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Maybe it was also a temple.
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It's still a special place for some people today.
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Every year, on June 21st,
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lots of people go to Stonehenge to celebrate the longest day of the year.
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Chapter 2 Tutankhamun's Treasures Tutankhamun was a king in Egypt more than 3,300 years ago.
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He died when he was only nineteen years old.
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When he died, people put a gold mask over his face.
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They put his body in a coffin made of gold.
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Then they put the coffin into two bigger coffins.
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They put all three coffins in a tomb with food and many treasures.
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The Egyptians thought that the king needed these things after he died.
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Tutankhamun's tomb was in the Valley of the Kings.
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No one discovered it for a long, long time.
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Then a British archaeologist called Howard Carter discovered it in 1922.
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When he broke through the door, he was amazed.
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There were gold statues, boats,
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jewels, toys, masks, and even a gold bed.
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There were about 3,500 treasures.
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For ten years, Carter took the treasures from the tomb and wrote about them.
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Tutankhamen became one of the most famous kings in the world.
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Today, many of his wonderful treasures are in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, in Egypt.
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Chapter 3 The Great Wall of China About 2,400 years ago,
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there were many small countries in China.
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There were often wars.
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People didn't want enemies in their country,
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so they built big walls to keep them out.
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For more than 2,000 years,
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people built walls, destroyed walls, and built new walls.
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The Great Wall of China is really many walls.
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Together, they are about 7,000 kilometers long.
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The walls are about seven meters high.
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There are also many taller towers.
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Prisoners, soldiers, and other people built the wall.
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They transported the stones and bricks by hand.
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This work was hard and dangerous.
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About three million people died building the wall.
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Later, more than one million soldiers guarded the wall.
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But it was hard to stop the enemies.
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People also used the wall as a road.
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Today, tourists like to walk along the wall.
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Discover!
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For many years, people thought that you could see the Great Wall of China from the moon.
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But this is not true.
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Chapter 4 The Colosseum Where did ancient Romans go for fun?
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They went to the Colosseum in Rome.
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They watched fights in this big and beautiful stadium.
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The fights were with gladiators and wild animals,
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like lions, crocodiles, rhinos, and even elephants.
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The Colosseum wasn't fun for everyone.
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About 500,000 people and one million wild animals died there.
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About 2,000 years ago, Rome was a very important city.
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The Colosseum was the most fantastic building in the city.
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It was big enough for more than 50,000 people.
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The Colosseum had many arches.
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There were about 80 big arches to let people in and out.
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There was also a cloth roof to protect people from sun and rain.
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Later, two earthquakes destroyed some of the Colosseum.
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Then people took stones from the Colosseum to build many other buildings in Rome.
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So the building that we can see today gives only an idea of how beautiful it was in the past.
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Thousands of tourists visit the Colosseum every year.
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There are music concerts here, too.
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Chapter 5 Petra About two thousand years ago,
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people in the Middle East bought and sold cloth and spices in many countries.
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They often travelled across land in large groups called caravans.
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They used camels to transport people and things.
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One of the places where the caravans stopped was Petra.
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Petra is a fantastic city in the desert in Jordan.
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People built the city in the pink cliffs.
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The caravans stopped in Petra because it had water and places to sleep,
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and it was safe from enemies.
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Discover!
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Some of the caravans were seven kilometers long,
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and they had 2,500 camels.
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At different times, people from different places lived in Petra.
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They made wonderful temples, a theatre,
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a palace, and tombs in the pink cliffs.
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Later, earthquakes destroyed a lot of Petra.
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Today, many tourists visit this amazing place.
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also make movies here, for example,
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Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.
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Chapter 6.
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Easter Island Statues Easter Island is in the Pacific Ocean, far from anywhere.
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The island is famous for its eight hundred
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and eighty seven stone statues they have big heads
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and little bodies why are the statues here there is a story
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that one thousand seven hundred years ago people were lost on
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the ocean they arrived at this beautiful island there were lots of plants and animals so they stayed made.
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These people made the big statues for their gods.
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They made the statues with stone from the middle of the island.
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Then up to 250 people transported the statues across the island to the coast,
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where they stand today.
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After a few hundred years,
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there were too many people for this small island.
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They cut down many of the trees.
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This was bad for the ground and bad for other plants and animals, too.
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Soon there wasn't much food.
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People started to fight, and they pushed over many of the statues.
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Today, people come to see the statues and learn about Easter Island.
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Discover The biggest statue is called Paro.
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It's now on the ground.
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It's about ten meters long.
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Chapter 7 Chichen Itza About 1,600 years ago,
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the Mayan people in Mexico started to build a new city.
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They built it around water from under the ground.
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So they called the city Chichen Itza.
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The name means the mouth of the well.
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Water was very important in this dry place.
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The first people in Chichen Itza built many temples for their rain god, Chak.
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Later, the city grew bigger and richer.
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Then people built fantastic pyramids and temples for their god, Kukulkan.
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The most famous pyramid is the Temple of Kukulkan.
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The Mayan people liked many activities.
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They played ball games in a courtyard that is bigger than a soccer field.
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The courtyard has walls that are twelve meters high.
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Sometimes they played games for many days.
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They also loved art, music, and dance.
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Today, people still like to watch Mayan dancers,
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listen to Mayan music, and look at Mayan art when they visit Chichen Itza.
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Chapter 8 Angkor Wat Angkor Wat is a temple in the city of Angkor.
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It's in the middle of the rainforest in Cambodia.
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About 800 years ago, this beautiful stone temple was built for King Suryavarman II.
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About 50,000 people built the temple,
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and it took more than 37 years.
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They built it to look like the mountain where their gods lived.
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There are some beautiful stone decorations on the walls.
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When people built Angkor Wat,
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they put water around the buildings.
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This was to protect themselves from enemies and wild animals from the rainforest.
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Today, big trees grow into some of the buildings and monkeys run around them.
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About one million people lived in Anchor when it was an important city.
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Later, there were wars and other people came.
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Then Anchor wasn't so rich or important.
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People said that it disappeared, but that wasn't true.
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Today there are many visitors,
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and they think Anchor Wat is amazing.
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Chapter 9 The Alhambra The Alhambra is in the mountains in the south of Spain.
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It's one of the most beautiful buildings in the world.
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Alhambra means red castle, but the Alhambra also looks grey at night and gold when it's sunny.
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The Alhambra is beautiful inside and outside.
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It has fantastic courtyards with fountains and gardens.
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Like many castles, it has towers and high walls.
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There are also wonderful tiles and decorations.
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Discover!
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There are some amazing tile patterns at the Alhambra.
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People still copy them today.
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The Moorish people in Spain started to build the Alhambra about 800 years ago.
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It took a long time to build.
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Many different kings from different places lived there,
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and they built more buildings.
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They used the Alhambra as a castle and a city.
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Wars and an earthquake destroyed some of the Alhambra.
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The French emperor Napoleon tried to destroy it, but he couldn't.
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In 1828, Spanish people started to build the broken parts again.
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Many people wrote stories and songs about the Alhambra.
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Today it's the most popular place in Spain for tourists.
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Chapter 10 The Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is in India.
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It looks like a palace, but it's a tomb.
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It's one of the most beautiful tombs in the world.
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There are gardens and fountains around the building.
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The tomb is made of twenty-eight types of stone and jewel from all over India and other countries.
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Most of the tomb is made of a beautiful white stone called marble.
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About twenty thousand people built the Taj Mahal,
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and it took twenty-two years.
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More than 1,000 elephants helped to move the stones for the building.
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The Taj Mahal was built about 400 years ago.
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The Emperor Shah Jahan built it for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
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She died when she had her fourteenth baby.
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Shah Jahan was very sad,
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so he built the Taj Mahal to remember his wife.
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Later, Shah Jahan's son wanted to be the emperor,
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so he put his father into prison.
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When Shah Jahan died, people put his body in the Taj Mahal so that he was with his wife forever.
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Which of all these wonders of the past do you want to visit?
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- Kỳ quan (wonder): Một điều gì đó tuyệt vời mà chúng ta cảm thấy kinh ngạc.
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- Kho báu (treasures): Những đồ vật quý giá, thường gắn liền với lịch sử hoặc văn hóa.
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