跟讀練習: Oil & Gas Engineering Audiobook - Chapters 1 & 2 Introduction - 通過影片學習英語口語
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Welcome to this audio version of the Oil & Gas Engineering Guide.
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We will start with an introduction to give you an overall picture of project development and engineering execution, and then we will focus into the work of each and every engineering discipline, describing its work and the documents it produces.
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happens when an oil and gas company decides to develop a project.
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First of all, the company planning, business planning or pre-project department reviews, performs a technical and economic assessment of this new development what benefits was what business benefits will it bring what is the feasibility technical feasibility what is the cost so what is the rest of return and so forth this process is carried out internally within oil and gas companies since it involves a lot of coordination for instance between reservoir department as well as financing technology and so forth.
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This step is called the pre-project or the conceptual phase.
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The main objective is to define the functional requirements of the project.
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as well as to obtain a preliminary cost estimate of the investment.
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This step, step one, is sanctioned by a decision, a decision to go forward into step two or not.
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Since step two, which will be further refining the, for instance, technical feasibility of the project, will involve significant amount of expense.
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Though at the end of step one there is a a gate where the decision is taken based on the assessed attractiveness of the project, whether to proceed to step two or not.
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Step two is called the front-end engineering design.
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It involves a specialist, a contractor.
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So this time the oil and gas company does not do this internally but enters with a service contract with a contractor that is specialized to develop such preliminary plant design whose objective is to refine the cost estimate up to a very precise level of plus or minus 10% which is a level required to take the final investment decision which will be taken at the end of step 2.
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At this stage the plant design is developed and to a rather high level of details which then will allow should the investment decision be taken to move to the next step which will be step 3 which will be the project execution stage and this will normally be contracted by the client the oil and gas company to a contractor under a fixed price project contract called a long-sum turnkey contract.
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In other words at this stage of step 3 company has entered into a contract with a contractor for which it will get a turnkey plant for a fixed price and for a determined delay.
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This presentation which is an introduction to plant design will look at step two and three.
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If we look at step three, which is detailed, what is called detailed design compared to the step two, which is basic design, we see that this is only a small part of an overall project execution.
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Project execution indeed not only involves design but procurement, manufacturing, shipping, installation, construction, inspection and tests and handover to the company.
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So here we are only looking at the first stage of the project which is the design.
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Let's see how design is organized.
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Well when you see a picture like that you may wonder how all the various trades, the design trades, work and are coordinated.
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In fact there are a number of trades involved in an oil and gas facility.
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First of all there will be the process which is defining the process scheme.
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Then we have mechanical which is selecting the mechanical equipment, the rotating equipment, the pressure vessels and so on.
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Then we have the plant layout discipline or the plant architect.
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we have also civil which is in charge of the earthworks and the foundations for the equipment and for sure all these equipments are connected with pipework so we have piping we forgot to mention electrical all these power consumers have to be fed with electric power as well as instrumentation and control because the plant process has to be monitored and controlled.
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Last but not least is safety.
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This facility has to be designed in a safe way that it can handle emergency situations.
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Engineering is organized in disciplines and the traditional disciplines are showed on this slide.
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There we find the process which actually comes first.
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Safety, the discipline equipment mechanical in charge of machinery, any type of equipment, pressure vessels, heat exchangers, rotating equipment, fired equipment such as boilers, turbine and so forth.
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Plant layout, piping, civil, instrumentation and control and electrical.
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Now that we have seen how engineering is organized, let's have a look at the deliverables, at the production of engineering.
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Well, engineering production is paperwork, drawings and specifications.
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Because the role of engineering is twofold.
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First of all, is to produce all the bill of quantities and the specifications required to purchase all the plant equipment and materials.
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And the second role of engineering is to issue all drawings necessary for the erection of the plant.
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This means that engineering issues an awful lot of documents.
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How to get oriented into this huge bunch of documents?
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Well each document has a document number which shows which is the issuing discipline, what type of document this is, the serial number, the title and the revision because engineering documents undergo revisions as the design progresses.
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So with this simple key we can get oriented into any engineering deliverable by quickly knowing the issuing discipline and the type of document.
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Even though there are thousands of documents issued on any typical size project, these documents are only of a few types.
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For example, piping issues general arrangement drawings for each of the plant areas, so there might be 300 of them, but they are all of the same type, piping general arrangement drawing.
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In this course, in the different modules, we will have a look at all the common engineering deliverables issued by each discipline, which are shown on this slide.
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It's a very small writing.
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Don't mind that.
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We will see this in the different modules.
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So at the end of this session, you will be familiar with all the document drawings specifications.
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Let's have a look now, let's give you an overview of the plant design.
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I will now give you an overview of how a plant is designed and the sequence of work of the various disciplines.
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It all starts with the business case.
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business case defines the plant capacity, the feedstock composition as well as the product specifications.
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Process will form simulations and will define a process scheme to achieve this product capacities and specifications.
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The result that will be to issue a process flow diagram and heat and matern balances.
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The heat and matern balances show the conditions in all process streams as well as the duty of all the equipment involved in the process.
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This heat and matern balance will therefore serve as the requirements to define the duty of the equipment, which is the next step of the engineering design.
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The process, equipment sizing, or specification.
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Why or specification?
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Because process does not size all equipment.
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Process will only size phase separation equipment, such as this gas-liquid separator.
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and some standard size of heat exchangers such as shell and tube heat exchangers.
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However, the process will not size rotating machineries such as compressors, pumps, turbines and so forth, as well as other types of equipment such as fired equipment such as this boiler here and specific type of heat exchangers such as air coolers, plate heat exchangers and so on.
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For this type of equipment, process issues a duty specification which only shows the duty, i.e.
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for this compressor the flow, the inlet pressure, outlet pressure and of course the fluid composition.
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The sizing will be left to the vendor.
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To perform its design, the vendor needs the specification from process and also the material of construction of the equipment.
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This is defined by another discipline, the material selection and corrosion specialist.
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He works from the list of fluids and their composition and condition in the various parts of the process.
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Based on calculated corrosion rates, he defines the material of construction for the various equipment and pipes of the unit.
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Once the vendor has performed its design, he is able to provide dimensions of the equipment to the engineer, which enables to find the plant layout.
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The plant layout, which results in the production of what is called the plot plan, shown here, a plan view of the plant with the various equipment, is drawn using the process flow diagrams which show which equipment is connected to which, the process data sheets for the equipments that are sized by process, as well as information from vendors for the equipment which are only specified by process such as this compressor.
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Information from equipment vendors are not only required to perform the plant layout but also to design the utilities.
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Indeed the utilities of the plant have to supply the required amount of cooling water, fuel gas, steam and so forth to the equipment.
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In addition, the vendor, equipment vendor, will advise the power consumption of their equipment which will allow to size the electrical power generation and distribution including defining the texture of the electrical distribution such as the one shown here on the single line diagram and sizing all the distributed equipment such as transformers, switchgear and cables.
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Information from vendors is also required to design the civil works, in particular the equipment foundations, because vendors will advise the load and the size, the footprint of their equipment so that SILCAN can design the proper foundation.
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The process design is further developed from process flow diagrams into PNID, piping and instrumentation diagrams.
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PNIDs show all the equipment, piping and instrumentation as well as valves.
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It is the main document for the plant operation.
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So it's very much discussed between the plant owner and the engineer during the design phase.
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As it defines the piping, it allows piping routing to proceed, including the routing in 3d model and the production of piping fabrication drawings and bill of materials.
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Besides piping and valves, PNIDs also define all the instruments and controls that are required for the operation of the plant.
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They therefore are the starting point for the instrumentation discipline to purchase these instruments as well as the control system.
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Once piping is designed the structural steel that is required to support the pipe work such as pipe racks as well as the structural steel needed to support to provide access platforms to operators to access valves, instruments and equipment is designed such as this pipe rack and the corresponding drawings are issued by engineering to the structural steel fabricator.
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That's it.
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This is in a nutshell the sequence of work between disciplines each represented by a different color for the design of a plant.
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explained.
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This introduction is now concluded.
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In the coming chapters we will go through each of the engineering disciplines and explain the work and the deliverables it produces.
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背景與背景資訊
在這段音訊中，講述者為我們介紹了《石油與天然氣工程指南》的內容。專案開發和工程執行的總體概念以及各個工程學科的工作內容是本段內容的重點。無論是技術評估還是經濟評估，講述者詳細描述了石油和天然氣公司如何進行專案規劃，以及如何在不同階段更好地整合各個工程部門的工作。這段音訊適合希望瞭解工程領域的英語學習者，尤其是在商務和技術環境中。
日常溝通中的五個常用短語
- 專案開發 - 這個短語描述了形成和規劃一個新專案的過程，適合用在工作環境中。
- 技術可行性 - 在談論評估業務建議時，可以使用這一短語來說明其技術上的可操作性。
- 成本估算 - 在討論專案預算時，這是一個重要的短語。
- 合同簽署 - 當談及與承包商達成協議時，這個短語非常實用。
- 安全設計 - 這是一個形容工程設計關注安全的關鍵短語。
逐步影子跟讀指南
想要克服本影片的難度，並充分利用其中的資訊，建議遵循以下影子跟讀步驟，提升你的英語應用能力：
- 認真傾聽： 首先，使用耳機專注於音訊內容，理解講述者的語調和表達方式。
- 分段練習： 將影片內容分成小段落，逐步跟讀。在每段結束後，停下來思考所學內容。
- 反覆模仿： 使用英語影子跟讀技術，模仿發音、音調和節奏。可以使用“看YouTube學英語”作為學習資源，增強你的聽說能力。
- 記錄和反饋： 將自己的聲音錄下來並與音訊進行對比，注意發音和語調的不同之處。
- 定期複習： 重複這些步驟，通過“英語影子跟讀”和“提高英語發音”的練習鞏固記憶。
通過這一循序漸進的方法，你將能夠更加自信地應用所學內容，並在實際交流中運用這些短語和技巧，加深對工程領域英語的理解。
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | is carried · is called · is sanctioned |
| 定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物 | two, which will · decision which will · step which will |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | has entered · have seen · has performed |
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。