跟讀練習: Unit 9 Review: Globalization (1900-PRESENT) (AP World History: Modern) - 通過影片學習英語口語
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All right AP World History crew, let's do this.
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We're about to tackle a super high yield review of Unit 9,
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Globalization, covering 1900 all the way to today.
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So if you're cramming for that big exam in May,
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you have definitely come to the right place.
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Let's dive in and make sure you're ready to crush this part of the course.
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So, right off the bat,
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why should you care about this unit?
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Simple, it's about 8 to 10% of your entire AP exam.
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Now that might not sound like a ton,
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but think of it this way.
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These are some of the most gettable points you're going to see.
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Nailing this unit is a huge boost to your final score.
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So what is globalization really?
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When you boil it all down,
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Unit 9 is about one single massive story.
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It's the story of how our world got so connected.
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We're talking about a crazy acceleration in technology,
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in economics, in culture that totally changed the game for everyone on the planet over the last hundred years or so.
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Okay, so here's our game plan.
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We're going to break it down.
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First, we'll look at the engine behind all this connection, the technology.
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Then we'll jump into the global marketplace that it created.
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From there, we'll check out how ideas and culture started spreading like wildfire.
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And we'll wrap it all up by looking at the big picture,
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what's actually new, and what's just,
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well, more of the same old story.
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Let's get into it.
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First up, the engine of connection.
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Look, if you want to understand globalization in the 20th century,
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you have to start with technology.
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It's the absolute core of the story.
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These new inventions didn't just make the world feel smaller,
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they wove us together in ways that were literally unimaginable before.
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And as you'll see, that brought some amazing progress,
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but also a whole new set of problems.
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The big idea here is that we basically conquered distance.
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Think about it.
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Back in the 1920s, you have the radio.
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Suddenly, a leader like FDR can talk to the entire nation at once with his fireside chats.
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Fast forward to the 60s and its television.
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Now, the Vietnam War isn't some far away thing,
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it's right there in your living room every night.
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And then, BAM!
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The internet hits in the 90s and just throws out the entire rulebook on how we communicate.
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Each step collapsed the space between us.
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Okay, this is one of my favorite parts because it's about something you never think of as world-changing.
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A simple metal box.
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The shipping container.
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Seriously, before the 1950s loading a ship was a chaotic, expensive mess.
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But once they standardized the container, everything changed.
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It became ridiculously cheap and fast to move goods around the world.
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And that is what allowed companies to say,
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hey, why don't we make our stuff over there where labor is cheaper?
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It completely redrew the economic map of the world.
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And it wasn't just communication and trade.
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Technology totally revolutionized our health.
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You've got antibiotics like penicillin,
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which meant getting a bacterial infection was no longer a likely death sentence.
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We developed vaccines that practically wiped out killer diseases like polio like polio.
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And then there's birth control,
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the pill, which in the 50s gave women a level of control over their lives that fundamentally changed societies everywhere.
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But here's the catch, and this is super important for your essays,
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it was a total double-edged sword.
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Sure, we got better at fighting old diseases,
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but being so connected also meant new diseases could spread across the globe in a flash.
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Sound familiar?
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Think of the 1918 flu or, you know, COVID-19.
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Meanwhile, you still had diseases of poverty like malaria hanging around in poorer regions.
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And as we started living longer,
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we face new challenges like Alzheimer's.
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So pro tip for the exam,
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whenever you talk about technology,
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always, always discuss the good and the bad.
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It's a perfect complexity point.
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And of course, there was a huge environmental price tag for all this progress.
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More people and more factories meant we needed more resources.
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So forests were cleared for farms at an alarming rate.
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We burned tons of fossil fuels,
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which led to horrifying air pollution,
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like the Great Smog in London in 1952 that literally killed thousands.
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This was the beginning of the big modern debates about pollution,
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deforestation, and eventually climate change.
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Okay.
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So we've got the tech.
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Now let's follow the money.
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How did all these new connections reshape the world's economy?
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We're moving into the global marketplace where a whole new economic system took over,
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creating massive wealth for some and a whole lot of anger from others.
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So the dominant economic idea that really takes hold in the late 20th century is something called neoliberalism.
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It sounds complicated, but the core idea is pretty simple.
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Less government, more free market.
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The thinking was, if you just let businesses compete with fewer regulations,
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everyone will be better off.
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This was the playbook for leaders like Ronald Reagan in the U.S and Margaret Thatcher in the U.K.
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They pushed hard for deregulation, privatization, and lower taxes.
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And this new system led to a massive reshuffling of jobs around the world.
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You started to see a new division of labor.
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On one side, you had the developed countries,
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the so-called knowledge economies, like the US or Finland,
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focusing on things like software, finance, and design.
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And on the other side,
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all those manufacturing jobs, making clothes,
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electronics, you name it, moved to places like Vietnam or Mexico,
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where the labor was a lot cheaper.
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Remember the shipping container?
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This is where it really comes into play.
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Yeah, so not everyone was cheering for this new global setup.
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A huge pushback started to build the anti-globalization movement.
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Their argument was pretty straightforward.
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This whole system is rigged.
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They said it puts corporate profits ahead of everything else.
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Workers' rights, environmental protection, you name it.
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They saw a world of rising inequality and exploitation.
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And that simmering anger just boiled over in 1999.
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In Seattle, during a meeting of the World Trade Organization,
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the streets just exploded.
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You had this incredible mix of people,
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Union workers, environmentalists, students, all coming together to protest.
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They literally shut the city down.
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The battle for Seattle, as it was called,
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was a massive wake-up call that showed the world there was a real,
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powerful, and organized opposition to this new global order.
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Okay, we've talked tech, we've talked money,
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but globalization is also about what's inside our heads,
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our ideas, our music, our values.
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So next up, we're diving into this world of shared ideas.
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We're going to look at global culture,
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the rise of human rights,
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and the big international groups we created to try and manage this brand new interconnected planet.
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Man, culture just started flying everywhere.
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And yeah, for sure, American culture was a huge export.
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Think Hollywood movies and Coca-Cola being everywhere.
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But, and this is key,
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it wasn't just a one-way street.
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Not at all.
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You have India's Bollywood pumping out more movies than Hollywood.
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You have K-pop from South Korea taking over the world,
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thanks to things like social media.
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And then you have these massive global events like the Olympics or the World Cup that billions of people watch together.
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It's a much more complex mix than just Americanization.
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This era also saw people coming together across borders to fight for change.
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A huge starting point was the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights back in 1948.
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This was a radical idea that every single person on Earth has certain basic rights,
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no matter what.
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And that idea became the fuel for so many other movements.
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The fight for women's rights went global.
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The push to end apartheid in South Africa,
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led by figures like Nelson Mandela, became a worldwide cause.
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You also see global movements for environmentalism,
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like Greenpeace, and for economic justice,
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like the Fair Trade Movement.
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So with all this connection,
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you need some referees, right?
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That's where institutions like the United Nations come in.
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And the UN has done some really important stuff.
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It's a place for countries to talk instead of fight,
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and its agencies like UNICEF do amazing humanitarian work,
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but it's also got some major flaws.
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The biggest one is the Security Council,
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where just five countries have veto power,
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which can basically paralyze the whole organization.
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And because of that, the UN has failed tragically at times,
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like its inability to stop the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.
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Alright, let's bring it all home.
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This is probably the most important skill for the AP exam,
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continuity and change over time.
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So we've had this crazy century of globalization.
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The big question is, what's fundamentally different about the world now?
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And what's just the same old story and new clothes?
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The changes are massive, right?
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We can talk to anyone, anywhere, instantly.
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Our economies are tangled together like never before.
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We have global institutions like the UN.
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But look at what stayed the same.
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That big economic divide between the rich countries of the global north and the poorer countries of the global south?
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That's still very much a thing.
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A hangover from the age of empires.
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We definitely still have wars and conflict.
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And for all the talk of a global culture,
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people are fiercely protective of their local traditions and identities,
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sometimes even more so because of globalization.
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So if you remember one thing from Unit 9, make it this.
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The world is more connected than ever before,
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for better and for worse.
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That's the whole story.
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It's created incredible opportunities and wealth,
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but it's also made us vulnerable to new problems,
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made old inequalities even worse,
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and created totally new reasons to fight.
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It's messy, it's complicated, and that's the point.
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And that brings us to the big final question,
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the one that history always leaves us with.
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As our world keeps getting more and more tangled together,
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how do we deal with all these challenges?
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How do we fix the inequality
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and handle all these competing interests to build a future that's actually sustainable and fair for everyone?
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There's no easy answer, but that's what thinking like a historian is all about.
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Alright, that's it for Unit 9.
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Good luck on that exam, you've got this.
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Thank you.
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本課概述
在本課中，學習者將探索全球化的主題，掌握與連線世界相關的英語表達。通過對影片內容的深入分析，您將學習如何描述技術如何改變人類生活，以及全球化的各個方面如何相互影響。這一內容不僅能夠增強您的英語口語能力，還能讓您更好地理解現代世界的動態。
關鍵詞彙與短語
- 全球化 (globalization)
- 技術 (technology)
- 文化傳播 (cultural diffusion)
- 全球市場 (global marketplace)
- 距離的征服 (conquering distance)
- 航運集裝箱 (shipping container)
- 經濟加速 (economic acceleration)
- 新浪潮 (new wave)
練習技巧
在進行英語口語練習時，不妨嘗試shadow speech的方法，即模仿影片中的講者發音和語調。針對本影片內容，講者的語速適中，語氣清晰，十分適合進行跟讀練習。您可以選擇在觀看影片時仔細聆聽講者的每一句話，隨後暫停並嘗試重複他們的表達。這種方法能夠幫助您增強發音的準確性，並提高對英語口語的理解力。
建議您在模仿時，注意講者如何強調某些詞彙以及語音的起伏變化。透過這種方式，您能夠更好地把握英語的語調和節奏。此外，不妨把影片中的關鍵短語記下來，例如“全球市場”和“技術”的使用場合。這不僅幫助您儲備更多詞彙，也能夠讓您在日常交流中使用得心應手。
最後，通過看YouTube學英語，您可以獲得豐富的聽力材料，逐漸提升自己的英語水平。繼續練習，您一定可以在口語表達中獲得更大的自信與流利度，加油！
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | have definitely come · we've talked · has done |
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | were cleared · is rigged · was called |
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。