跟讀練習: What's Really Behind The Adderall Shortage? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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You may have heard back in October of 2022 that there was a shortage of the ADHD medication Adderall.

But that shortage is ongoing, all the way in early 2024 as we’re posting this video And it’s been a tough year for the millions of peole who take this kind of medicine.

Yeah, no kidding!

Oh, hello! It’s Jessica McCabe, from How To ADHD!

Hi there, Hank!

Hello Brains Today we thought we’d hand over this particular topic to someone who specializes in it.

So Jessica is gonna explain the real reasons behind this medication shortage.

Take it away, Jessica!

Let’s do it!

Over the last year, the Adderall shortage has raised questions about how tightly regulated stimulant medications are, and whether those regulations work to prevent drug misuse.

But the thing is, the reason these pharmaceuticals are hard to find right now isn’t just regulations, and certainly not misuse.

There’s another perfectly good reason this is happening.

So let’s get into the real story behind the Adderall shortage.

When people talk about the shortage of stimulant medications for ADHD in the U.S., they often point a finger at Food And Drug Administration quotas first The FDA limits the maximum amount of these drugs each manufacturer is allowed to make, so if we don’t have enough, that seems like a logical place for the problem to start.

But according to the FDA, the manufacturers aren’t even hitting those numbers, and are currently only making about 70% of what they could be.

So while the quotas may have made pharmaceutical companies less nimble in reacting to shortages, they’re not the only cause.

Why do quotas even exist?

Primarily, due to concerns about the potential for misuse.

But despite how often stimulant misuse ends up in the news, it’s a lot more complicated than you might think.

To start, let’s get into how Adderall and similar medicines work.

ADHD is believed to involve two neurotransmitters: dopamine and norepinephrine.

Neurotransmitter systems can’t really be simplified to “this neurotransmitter does this one thing”.

They’re more like multi-tools than a key and a lock.

But we do know there are a lot of dopamine receptors in the areas of the brain involved in reward, learning, memory, and movement.

And norepinephrine can impact working memory.

All of those systems are affected by ADHD.

Stimulants like Adderall increase the amount of dopamine and norepinephrine available for neurons by slowing down how quickly the neurons suck them up.

In people with ADHD, the right type and dose of stimulants can improve focus and attention and reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity.

In people without ADHD, who don't need this additional dopamine and norepinephrine the effect is… different.

Stimulants can make them feel euphoric, energetic, and confident that they’re crushing it, smarts-wise.

Combine that with a drug that impacts dopamine and the reward system, and yeah, Adderall definitely has the potential to be addictive and abused by people without an associated condition.

So as demand for Adderall increases, the next question is, how much of that demand is coming from misuse?

Estimates of stimulant misuse vary widely, but studies suggest about 3.5 million people in the U.S., have misused stimulant prescriptions.

And around 1.5 million have met the criteria for prescription stimulant disorder in the last year.

So it is a problem that exists, especially among college students.

One meta-analysis found that up to 17% of college students misuse stimulants at some point during their academic career.

Most of the students that report misusing stimulants use them to do better in school, concentrate better, study longer, and improve their skills.

But studies show that college students who misuse stimulants tend to spend less time studying than their peers, and overall have either similar or lower GPAs.

And importantly, we haven’t seen a rise in misuse rates as the number of prescriptions has gone up.

In 2019, 5.8% of young adults reported prescription stimulant misuse in the last year.

In 2021, that dropped to 3.7%.

That seems to suggest that newly diagnosed people are taking their drugs themselves, not selling them to others for misuse.

So if the quotas aren’t the primary problem, and misuse isn’t going up, what is leading to this debilitating shortage of meds?

It turns out, there has been a major uptick in legitimate ADHD diagnoses in the last several years.

And the main demographic getting these diagnoses is a group of people who often got overlooked in the past: Adults.

For one thing, as we learn more about ADHD the diagnostic criteria was revised in a way that it became broader in 2013, which meant more people qualified for a diagnosis.

On top of that, more adults began seeking out diagnoses for something they likely struggled with for their whole lives.

Even though the traditional view was that people grew out of ADHD as they aged out of childhood, up to 90% of people diagnosed with ADHD as kids continue to show symptoms in adulthood.

And one study showed that 75% of people with ADHD received their diagnosis as adults.

It’s also important to consider that there are major systemic problems with who gets diagnosed with ADHD as a child in the first place.

The diagnosis rate for males versus females in childhood is 3 to 1.

But in adults, it’s closer to 1 to 1.

Which suggests that there are a whole lot of young girls who aren’t being diagnosed when they should be.

And as you might expect, the increase in ADHD diagnoses has also led to an increase In prescriptions meant to treat this condition Prescriptions for stimulant meds jumped 10% during the COVID pandemic, between 2020 and 2021 and have nearly doubled overall since 2011.

Part of this may be due to more awareness as people recognize themselves in conversations about ADHD on social media.

The pandemic itself also seems to have played a role.

Telehealth made it more convenient to see a doctor about these issues.

So in a weird way, COVID may have provided a sort of breakthrough in getting people access to treatment— only for this shortage to take it away again.

Regulations are a real factor in the current shortage of ADHD medications.

But a bigger one is the rise in legitimate diagnoses.

The system wasn't prepared to handle the influx, and we're seeing growing pains as it struggles to catch up with the real prevalence of this condition.

Whatever solutions governments and pharma companies pursue, they should keep that in mind.

Unfortunately, many of the policies targeted at avoiding misuse make it disproportionately harder to obtain medication for those who actually need them.

As the Adderall shortage continues to unfold, it’s worth making sure that the quest to keep stimulants out of the hands of people who don’t need them isn’t coming at the expense of the people who do.

Thank you Jessica for getting into all the nitty-gritty here with us.

You should definitely check out her channel How To ADHD for more of her content which is very awesome - I’ve been following it for years the link down below.

I also want to give a big thank-you to our patrons We only get to do fun, out-of-the-box videos like this thanks to their support, and it means a lot.

So, to all of them. Thank you for supporting And to everybody else thank you for watching.

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為什麼要通過這個影片練習口語？

通過觀看和模仿這個關於阿德拉爾短缺的影片，您可以在特定的語境中練習英語口語。這段影片不僅提供了豐富的背景資訊，還使您能夠學習如何在複雜的話題上表達自己的觀點。練習英語影子跟讀（shadowspeak）將幫助您在真實對話中更加自信，同時提高您的發音和流利度。通過雅思口語練習（雅思口語練習），您將能夠更熟練地應對面試、課堂討論和社交場合。

語法與表達的語境分析

被動語態：影片中使用了“短缺不僅僅是由於法規導致的”這樣被動句式，幫助我們理解事物的因果關係。在英語中，學會使用被動語態能讓您更好地描述情況。
條件句：句子“如果我們沒有足夠的...”，展示了條件句的用法。通過掌握這些結構，您可以在討論中表達假設或條件關係，非常適合用於雅思口語練習。
比較級和最高階：影片提到“比以往更多的確診”，這樣的比較幫助聽眾更清楚地理解現象的發展趨勢。這類表達極為常見，值得您在練習中加以運用。

常見的發音陷阱

在影片中，有一些單詞和短語可能會讓非母語者感到困惑。例如“ADHD”和“dopamine”這樣的專有名詞，發音時容易出錯。注意這些單詞的重音，使用影子語音（shadow speech）練習以提高準確性。此外，句子中快速的語流和連讀現象也需要特別留意。在實際運用中，您可以通過反覆模仿這些發音來提升自己的口語能力。

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	it's been · has raised · have misused
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	is allowed · is believed · be simplified
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	someone who specializes · students who misuse · people who often

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: What's Really Behind The Adderall Shortage? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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為什麼要通過這個影片練習口語？

語法與表達的語境分析

常見的發音陷阱

影片中的語法

什麼是跟讀法？