跟读练习: Crash Course European History Preview - 通过视频学习英语口语
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70 句
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1
Hello and welcome to Crash Course History.
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I'm John Green.
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You may know me because I once hosted a series of Crash Course videos on world history, which, depending on your perspective, was either far too Eurocentric or not nearly Eurocentric enough.
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Well, we're about to get rather Eurocentric.
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Mr.
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Green!
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Mr.
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Green!
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Right, I remember you!
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Yeah, you retired me from the past.
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I can't play Seventeen anymore.
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Anyway, starting today we're going to explore the history of Europe, beginning with the closing years of the so-called Middle Ages, and ending with Europe's recent and possibly temporary great turn toward political and economic unity.
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But here at the start I want to note two things.
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First, that Europe is a made-up idea.
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Like in parts of Eastern Europe, students learn that there are six continents, not seven, because Eurasia is treated as a single landmass on account of it being, you know, a single landmass.
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But then Eurasia is both physically and geopolitically inseparable from Africa, just as North America is from South America, and Australia is more of an island than a continent, and don't even get me started on Antarctica.
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So in some ways there are two continents.
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We don't even completely agree what constitutes Europe.
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The dividing line is often constructed as the Ural Mountains, which would mean that half of Russia is European and the other half Asian.
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And is Western Kazakhstan Europe?
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The southeastern border of Europe is also problematic.
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Is Turkey Europe?
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And if not, was the Roman Empire a European empire only when its capital was Rome, and not for the many centuries in which its capital was Constantinople?
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But of course, like many made-up ideas, Europe is also real.
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And in these videos we'll attempt to introduce you to the big political, economic, military, and cultural developments in recent European history.
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The second thing I want to say is that one cannot look at the history of Europe in isolation.
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Because as part of the Afro-Eurasian landmass, Europe has long been in contact and conversation with other parts of the world, and so it's impossible to examine its history in isolation because it was never isolated.
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In early human history, when bands of hunter-gatherers rarely reached populations of larger than a few dozen, people were relatively independent from those who lived far away from them.
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But the story of humans is in some ways a story of growing connection.
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Like 3,000 years ago, everything most humans used had been made within their community, from clothing to tools to weapons to jewelry to ideas.
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Over time, though, our trade networks and cultural connections expanded, and more of us began to live in cities and to travel between communities.
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By around a thousand years ago, for instance, Christianity, which was born in the Middle East, had become the dominant religion in Europe.
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And the Catholic Church was certainly extremely powerful.
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But there were also other religions being practiced.
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Like most of the Iberian Peninsula, for instance, was controlled by the Islamic Caliphate of Cordoba, which had arrived from northern Africa.
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Sun powder, which was first developed in China, began being utilized in Europe around 1300, and the great disease pandemics that reshaped early modern Europe also came from Asia.
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What I'm saying is that even Europe isn't really Eurocentric.
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We're going to try to emphasize the world's interconnectedness in this series, but any regional history risks isolating itself.
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So throughout, I hope you'll remember that Europe is a made-up idea, and that it is nonetheless real, and that the lives of humans in Europe have long been shaped by the lives of humans elsewhere.
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Our history will begin around the year 1300, with Central Europe a tangle of kingdoms and city-states and the continent in a purportedly dark age.
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Big changes are coming—the absolute devastation of the Black Death, a reimagining of the relationship between peasant and lord, and questions about the role of the Catholic Church in political life.
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But before we get there, I want to flash forwards and backwards.
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In September of 1940, with Europe roiled by the Second World War, an 18-year-old car mechanic named Marcel Ravidot was walking his dog Robot in the countryside of southwestern France when the dog disappeared down a hole.
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The next day, Marcel went to the spot with three friends to explore that hole, and after digging for a while, they found a cave with walls covered with paintings.
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Paintings of horses and bison, and even extinct species.
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It would eventually be established that some of these artworks were at least 17,000 years old.
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the boys who found that cave were so profoundly moved by the artwork they saw that they camped outside the cave to protect it for over a year.
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Now there's nothing unique to Europe about very old cave paintings.
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They've been found in the Americas, in Indonesia, in Africa, in Australia.
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They have not been found in Antarctica, another argument against its continthood.
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And don't tell me that continents are about geology, not humans.
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Who do you think invented continents?
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Rocks?
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I will confess to being a little human-centric when it comes to history.
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Right, but cave paintings are not unique to Europe.
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But what I find fascinating about ancient cave paintings is that they were often made over the course of many thousands of years, as hundreds of generations of humans lived in the same caves.
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Like the paintings at Lascaux, for instance, were likely created over a span of around two thousand years.
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For two thousand years, a community of humans lived in this cave.
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Two thousand years.
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Two thousand years ago, Tiberius was the emperor of the Roman Empire.
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Our history of Europe will span around seven hundred years, which is a long time.
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But it also isn't a long time, as it represents less than one half of one percent of human history.
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History, like so much else, changes as our perspective changes.
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And so as we zoom into the history of Europe, let's not forget that we're zooming in.
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Thanks for watching.
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I'll see you next time.
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P.S.
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Have you ever wondered what's at the center of the Earth?
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Well it turns out it changes every week, but this week it's yet another Earth.
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Earth's all the way down, you see.
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为什么要通过这个视频练习口语？
这个视频《Crash Course欧洲历史预览》提供了一个独特的机会，让你在轻松的环境中提高英语口语能力。通过观看John Green的解说，你不仅可以接触到丰富的历史内容，还可以学习到生动的表达方式。练习英语口语的好处包括提高你的流利度和自信心，让你更容易在与他人交流时表达自己的观点。在观看YouTube学英语的过程中，通过模仿（即shadow speak）John的说话风格，你不仅能增强记忆力，还能更好地构建句子，以便在雅思口语练习中游刃有余。
语法与表达法分析
在视频中，John使用了一些关键的语法结构，这些结构非常适合用作英语口语练习的范例：
- 名词从句：例如，他提到“欧洲是一个虚构的概念”，这种句型有助于表达复杂的思想和观点。
- 时间副词：如“在1300年左右”，准确地描述时间背景对于历史与事件的理解非常重要。
- 条件句：例如，“如果没有这些联系，欧洲的历史将会如何？”这种句型能增强表达的连贯性和逻辑性。
- 反问句：使用反问有助于强调观点，如“难道不值得一提吗？”这也是引导听众思考的有效方式。
使用这些语法结构时，配合适当的语调与强调，可以大大提升你的表达力。
常见的发音误区
在这个视频中，有一些单词的发音可能对英语学习者造成困扰：
- Eurocentric：这个词的重音在第二个音节，发音为“jʊə.rəʊ'sɛn.trɪk”。很多人可能会错误地将重音放在前面。
- geopolitically：在这个复合词中，重音在第三个音节，正确发音为“ˌdʒiːəʊpə'lɪtɪkli”。
- interconnectedness：这个长词在发音时需小心，保持音节的清晰度，正确发音为“ˌɪntə(r)kə'nektɪdnəs”。
通过练习这些发音，特别是在做雅思口语练习时，你将能够提高自己的英语发音，减少口音带来的困扰。
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | is treated · is often constructed · was never isolated |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | those who lived · Christianity, which was · powder, which was |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | They've been found · have not been found · Have you ever wondered |
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。