跟读练习: What’s a electrical substation and how does it work? - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Have you ever seen a giant steel puzzle like this?
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It's a substation, and there are over 530 of them in Quebec.
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No two are the same, and each one has its own name.
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But what is a substation?
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What role does it play in the transmission and distribution of electricity?
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A substation connects parts of the power grid that aren't at the same voltage level.
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Voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two points, and it's measured in volts.
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If there's no voltage, there's no power.
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The substation's main role is to raise or lower the voltage level of the electricity before it reaches our homes.
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It also directs the electricity by determining the route it will take to reach its destination, and it protects the grid.
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The voltage of the electricity varies as it makes its way from the generating station to our neighborhoods.
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Over long distances, the voltage which can reach up to 735,000 volts.
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That's extra high voltage.
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But at home, our appliances and devices operate at 120 or 240 volts.
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That's low voltage.
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On its journey, the electricity stops at several substations and changes voltage.
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Substations adjust the voltage of the electricity as it moves from the generating station to our outlets.
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But what happens in a substation?
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Electricity enters through flexible conductors, which are cables supported by towers.
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In the substation, it passes through bus bars, which are usually large, rigid conductors.
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A voltage transformer measures the voltage, and a current transformer measures the intensity of the current in amperes.
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Next is the breaker.
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It protects the grid and the equipment in the substation by automatically cutting off the power when there's a problem.
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It can also be opened and closed manually for maintenance, for example.
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It's like the circuit breakers in your distribution panel at home.
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There are different models, but they all serve the same purpose.
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The disconnect switch is a huge switch.
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It's easy to see if it's open or closed.
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It's used in different places to disconnect equipment from the grid or provide an alternative path for the electricity.
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The disconnect switch is essential to keep people safe.
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This is the power transformer, the heart of the substation.
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It's inside this giant green box that the voltage is raised or lowered.
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Here, the transformer lowers the voltage from 315,000 to 25,000 volts.
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Not far from the transformer are the surge arresters.
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They protect the transformers from overvoltage.
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When there are lightning strikes or switching operations, they send the electricity towards the ground.
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And on the ground, there's a grid of metal wires.
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It's a safety device that protects the entire substation.
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This grounding grid disperses the electricity downwards as a safety measure.
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As it leaves the transformer, the electricity is guided to more bus bars, breakers and disconnect switches before moving to its next destination.
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At the last substation in the transmission system, electricity leaves through underground or overhead cables.
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That's the final stop before power is distributed to various neighborhoods.
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To make sure Hydro-Quebec can monitor and coordinate everything that happens in the substation,
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all the equipment is connected to a control and protection system that's housed in a control building.
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Most of the time, the operations are automated and carried out remotely.
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That's why it often seems like substations are empty.
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Hydro-Quebec crews only go there to carry out certain switching operations, maintenance, and repairs.
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But don't be fooled.
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Substations may look like quiet places, but there are risks of electrical injury and even electrocution.
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No one should ever go near a substation or try to enter one.
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Only Hydro-Quebec crews can go inside.
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They know all the substation secrets and always wear the right personal protective equipment.
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Now, the next time you see a substation, you'll know what goes on inside.
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It won't seem like a puzzle, but rather like the place where electricity makes some important stops
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as it makes its way from the generating station to our homes.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这段视频共有 55 个句子、661 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 4:39。 说话人语速平稳，每分钟约 142 个词，很适合跟读。 只有 75% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个不太常见的单词，附发音和释义：
- voltage /ˈvəʊltɪd͡ʒ/ (名词) — 電壓 /电压. The difference in electrostatic potential between two points in space, especially between live and neutral conductors or the earth.
- grid /ɡɹɪd/ (名词) — 網格 /网格, 格子. A rectangular array of squares or rectangles of equal size, such as in a crossword puzzle.
- connect /kəˈnɛkt/ (动词) — 連接 /连接. To join (to another object): to attach, or to be intended to attach or capable of attaching, to another object.
- transmission /tɹænsˈmɪʃən/ (名词) — 傳輸 /传输. The act of transmitting, e.g. data (signals) or electric power.
- destination /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/ (名词) — 目的地. The place set for the end of a journey or to which something is sent; place or point aimed at.
- leaf /lif/ (名词) — еезы, еер. The usually green and flat organ that represents the most prominent feature of most vegetative plants.
- puzzle /ˈpʌzəl/ (名词) — 謎 /谜, 難題 /难题. The state of feeling confused or mystified because one cannot understand a complicated matter, a problem, etc.; bewilderment, confusion; (countable) often in…
- conductor /kənˈdʌktɚ/ (名词) — 指揮 /指挥, 指揮家 /指挥家. One who conducts or leads; a guide; a director.
- wire /ˈwaɪɚ/ (名词) — 線 /线, 鐵絲 /铁丝. Metal formed into a thin, even thread, now usually by being drawn through a hole in a steel die.
- repair /ˈɹiːpɛɚ/ (动词) — 修理. To restore to good working order, fix, or improve damaged condition; to mend; to remedy.
- monitor /ˈmɑ.nɪ.tɚ/ (名词) — 顯示器 /显示器. Someone who watches over something; a person in charge of something or someone.
- underground /ˌʌn.dəɹˈɡɹaʊnd/ (形容词) — 地下. Below the ground; below the surface of the Earth.
- lightning /ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ (名词) — 閃電 /闪电, 電光 /电光. A flash of light produced by short-duration, high-voltage discharge of electricity within a cloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and the earth.
- intensity /ɪnˈtɛnsɪti/ (名词) — 強度 /强度, 強烈 /强烈. The quality of being intense.
- flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ (形容词) — 靈活 /灵活. Capable of being flexed or bent without breaking; able to be turned or twisted without breaking.
视频中出现的短语动词
- carry out /ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/ (动词) — 進行 /进行. To hold while moving it out.
- cut off /ˌkʌt ˈɔf/ [ˌkɐɾ ˈɔf] (动词) — 切下, 割下. To remove by cutting.
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 4 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 aren't, don't, won't。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: transmission /tɹænsˈmɪʃən/, destination /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/, substation /sʌbˈsteɪʃən/, electrocution /ɪˌlɛktɹəˈkjuːʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, destination /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/, intensity /ɪnˈtɛnsɪti/, coordinate /koʊˈɔɹ.dəˌneɪt/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 voltage, grid, connect 这类单词。
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | be opened · is raised · is guided |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | voltage which can · conductors, which are · bars, which are |
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。