Практика Shadowing: What’s a electrical substation and how does it work? - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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Have you ever seen a giant steel puzzle like this?
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It's a substation, and there are over 530 of them in Quebec.
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No two are the same, and each one has its own name.
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But what is a substation?
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What role does it play in the transmission and distribution of electricity?
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A substation connects parts of the power grid that aren't at the same voltage level.
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Voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two points, and it's measured in volts.
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If there's no voltage, there's no power.
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The substation's main role is to raise or lower the voltage level of the electricity before it reaches our homes.
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It also directs the electricity by determining the route it will take to reach its destination, and it protects the grid.
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The voltage of the electricity varies as it makes its way from the generating station to our neighborhoods.
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Over long distances, the voltage which can reach up to 735,000 volts.
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That's extra high voltage.
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But at home, our appliances and devices operate at 120 or 240 volts.
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That's low voltage.
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On its journey, the electricity stops at several substations and changes voltage.
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Substations adjust the voltage of the electricity as it moves from the generating station to our outlets.
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But what happens in a substation?
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Electricity enters through flexible conductors, which are cables supported by towers.
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In the substation, it passes through bus bars, which are usually large, rigid conductors.
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A voltage transformer measures the voltage, and a current transformer measures the intensity of the current in amperes.
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Next is the breaker.
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It protects the grid and the equipment in the substation by automatically cutting off the power when there's a problem.
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It can also be opened and closed manually for maintenance, for example.
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It's like the circuit breakers in your distribution panel at home.
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There are different models, but they all serve the same purpose.
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The disconnect switch is a huge switch.
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It's easy to see if it's open or closed.
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It's used in different places to disconnect equipment from the grid or provide an alternative path for the electricity.
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The disconnect switch is essential to keep people safe.
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This is the power transformer, the heart of the substation.
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It's inside this giant green box that the voltage is raised or lowered.
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Here, the transformer lowers the voltage from 315,000 to 25,000 volts.
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Not far from the transformer are the surge arresters.
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They protect the transformers from overvoltage.
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When there are lightning strikes or switching operations, they send the electricity towards the ground.
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And on the ground, there's a grid of metal wires.
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It's a safety device that protects the entire substation.
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This grounding grid disperses the electricity downwards as a safety measure.
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As it leaves the transformer, the electricity is guided to more bus bars, breakers and disconnect switches before moving to its next destination.
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At the last substation in the transmission system, electricity leaves through underground or overhead cables.
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That's the final stop before power is distributed to various neighborhoods.
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To make sure Hydro-Quebec can monitor and coordinate everything that happens in the substation,
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all the equipment is connected to a control and protection system that's housed in a control building.
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Most of the time, the operations are automated and carried out remotely.
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That's why it often seems like substations are empty.
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Hydro-Quebec crews only go there to carry out certain switching operations, maintenance, and repairs.
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But don't be fooled.
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Substations may look like quiet places, but there are risks of electrical injury and even electrocution.
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No one should ever go near a substation or try to enter one.
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Only Hydro-Quebec crews can go inside.
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They know all the substation secrets and always wear the right personal protective equipment.
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Now, the next time you see a substation, you'll know what goes on inside.
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It won't seem like a puzzle, but rather like the place where electricity makes some important stops
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as it makes its way from the generating station to our homes.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
В этом видео 55 предложений и 661 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 4:39. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 142 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. Только 75% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 менее частых слов из видео с произношением и значением:
- voltage /ˈvəʊltɪd͡ʒ/ (существительное) — напряже́ние, вольта́ж. The difference in electrostatic potential between two points in space, especially between live and neutral conductors or the earth.
- grid /ɡɹɪd/ (существительное) — се́тка, решётка. A rectangular array of squares or rectangles of equal size, such as in a crossword puzzle.
- generate /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.ɹeɪt/ (глагол) — порожда́ть, производи́ть. To bring into being; give rise to.
- breaker /ˈbɹeɪkɚ/ (существительное) — разруши́тель, уничтожи́тель. Something that breaks (something else).
- connect /kəˈnɛkt/ (глагол) — свя́зывать, связа́ть. To join (to another object): to attach, or to be intended to attach or capable of attaching, to another object.
- transmission /tɹænsˈmɪʃən/ (существительное) — переда́ча, перено́с. The act of transmitting, e.g. data (signals) or electric power.
- destination /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/ (существительное) — ме́сто назначе́ния, пункт назначе́ния. The place set for the end of a journey or to which something is sent; place or point aimed at.
- leaf /lif/ (существительное) — лист, ли́стья. The usually green and flat organ that represents the most prominent feature of most vegetative plants.
- puzzle /ˈpʌzəl/ (существительное) — зага́дка, затрудне́ние. The state of feeling confused or mystified because one cannot understand a complicated matter, a problem, etc.; bewilderment, confusion; (countable) often in…
- conductor /kənˈdʌktɚ/ (существительное) — дирижёр. One who conducts or leads; a guide; a director.
- circuit /ˈsɝ.kɪt/ (существительное) — кругооборо́т, цикл. The act of moving or revolving around, or as in a circle or orbit; a revolution
- wire /ˈwaɪɚ/ (существительное) — про́волока, про́вод. Metal formed into a thin, even thread, now usually by being drawn through a hole in a steel die.
- repair /ˈɹiːpɛɚ/ (глагол) — ремонти́ровать, отремонти́ровать. To restore to good working order, fix, or improve damaged condition; to mend; to remedy.
- monitor /ˈmɑ.nɪ.tɚ/ (существительное) — наста́вник, наста́вница. Someone who watches over something; a person in charge of something or someone.
- underground /ˌʌn.dəɹˈɡɹaʊnd/ (прилагательное) — подзе́мный. Below the ground; below the surface of the Earth.
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
- carry out /ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/ (глагол) — выноси́ть, вы́нести. To hold while moving it out.
- cut off /ˌkʌt ˈɔf/ [ˌkɐɾ ˈɔf] (глагол) — отреза́ть, отре́зать. To remove by cutting.
- go on /ˈɡoʊˌɒn/ (глагол) — продолжа́ть, продо́лжить. To continue in extent.
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 4 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например aren't, don't, won't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: transmission /tɹænsˈmɪʃən/, destination /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/, substation /sʌbˈsteɪʃən/, electrocution /ɪˌlɛktɹəˈkjuːʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, destination /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/, intensity /ɪnˈtɛnsɪti/, coordinate /koʊˈɔɹ.dəˌneɪt/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как voltage, grid, generate.
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | be opened · is raised · is guided |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | voltage which can · conductors, which are · bars, which are |
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.