تدريب Shadowing: 3 philosophy classics that are better than self-help books - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
1
The most common question I get asked is what books would I recommend to anybody interested in philosophy?
2
And the second most common question I get asked is what is the point of philosophy?
3
And so to kill two birds with one video, here is my answer.
4
So I might annoy some philosophers by saying this, but I've always thought that the best thing about philosophy is when it acts as a kind of therapy.
5
I think that philosophy is best when it helps us understand ourselves, our relationships, and gives us the tools by which to make better decisions.
6
I have a love -hate relationship with the self -help industry.
7
I often write a lot of self -help stuff and I've read a great many books about it as well.
8
And some self -help books can be original and they can be fresh, but I've always found that the bulk of it is just philosophy in a set of new clothes.
9
It's Aristotle in a podcast form, it's Lao Tzu giving a TED talk.
10
There is nothing wrong with this because big ideas wrapped in big words almost always take a lot of chewing.
11
For example, I used to teach Friedrich Nietzsche to 16 year olds.
12
Often they really took to him and so I told them to go away and read a book.
13
I told them to read on the genealogy of morals but they didn't love him then.
14
Philosophy is one of the most important disciplines in the world.
15
It can change lives and it can define them but it's often difficult.
16
So it makes sense that millionaires are made by explaining or condensing complex philosophical ideas for a modern ear.
17
But the problem is that any time you simplify you lose a bit of nuance
18
and if you simplify it again you lose a bit of meaning.
19
When you simplify a thing so many times it becomes so diluted and dumbed down that it becomes worthless.
20
So here for you are three examples where I think that philosophy is at its richest at its source.
21
Here are three books worth more than a bookshop full of self -help manuals.
22
First is Aristotle's Nicomachean ethics.
23
One of the hallmarks of genius is to not be thought of as a genius.
24
It's to create something so obvious and clear and straightforward that when you first meet it, it feels as if you knew the argument long before you read it.
25
An inventor, for example, will become rich thanks to billions of people saying, I cannot believe that anybody hasn't thought of this before.
26
And likewise, a novelist, a writer, or an artist will create something so immersive that you often won't see the effort in the planning, the execution, and the edits.
27
Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is a genius piece of work, because you do not see the genius behind it.
28
When I first read Aristotle as a student, I read it like I would any book or article, and I was swept away by the argument.
29
Everything he said just seemed so obvious.
30
It felt as if I was being pulled along a path and I could imagine no other route forwards.
31
I drew wisdom from his ideas and I followed his conclusions, but I felt as if there was something greater, far greater, lurking beneath the surface.
32
Because Aristotle's work is so well crafted, this was not a rushed work of an all -nighter marching to the drum of an angry editor.
33
As the philosopher Michael Pakaluck put it,
34
So what's Aristotle's book about?
35
Well, the ethics in his book is an older version of how we use that word today.
36
Today, ethics means right and wrong.
37
It's pretty much synonymous with morality.
38
But in ancient Greece, ethics was more about a way of life.
39
It was how you behaved and your entire character.
40
So Aristotle's book is literally a guidebook or an argument about how to behave as a human being.
41
It's about how to live well, how to be virtuous, and most importantly of all, how to be happy.
42
Because the book starts with the question, what is the ultimate purpose in life? and Aristotle believes it's eudaimonia or profound and existential happiness.
43
And so the entire book is a manual about how to be happy.
44
It's the work of decades of philosophical study and debate from one of history's greatest minds and it says, okay, if happiness is the destination,
45
how can we get to there?
46
And the path Aristotle leads us on is an act of genius.
47
You'll think you've heard it before and it will change how you view life.
48
So yes, Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is my first choice.
49
Second is Essays by Michel de Montaigne.
50
There are only a handful of people in history who you can say literally started an entire genre.
51
You could say that Mary Shelley with science fiction, Jane Austen with romance novels, and J .R .R.
52
Tolkien with modern fantasy.
53
And the 16th century French philosopher Michel de Montaigne is widely considered to be the father of the essay.
54
Today, essays are everywhere.
55
Almost all long -form non -fiction you read online comes in essay form.
56
And while there is no way to easily define a literary essay,
57
you could broadly say it's where you explore a theme in a philosophical style while weaving in autobiographical details and fascinating asides.
58
And Montaigne was one of the first to do it.
59
Essay in 16th century France literally meant a trial, and the idea was that Montaigne's essays would be where he takes a trial, a question, an issue, a problem,
60
and then he'd pen his reflections on the topic.
61
Of course the art of the essay comes in the degree of reflection and the style in which it's written.
62
A good essay requires wit, erudition and relatability.
63
And there are two reasons why Montaigne's essays are such a great example of the self -help genre.
64
The first is that Montaigne is quite literally taking us through his solutions to common problems.
65
Here we have a hugely intelligent human being talking about topics
66
that are just as relevant today as they were 400 years ago.
67
For example, he talks about feeling lazy, dealing with liars and the best way to apologise.
68
He explains the joys of solitude but the dangers of loneliness.
69
He even gives advice on how to get a good night's sleep.
70
Montaigne explores over a hundred topics with only a few being limited to his time and to his place.
71
This relatability is also what makes the essay so helpful
72
because reading Montaigne's reflections is like stretching back in time
73
and finding somebody with just as many quirks and quandaries as we have now.
74
Montaigne doesn't seem to present himself in an especially noble or faultless way.
75
He is happy to let it all kind of hang out.
76
And so when we read his essays we see a complex whole, a flawed character, but always genial, witty and likeable.
77
Montaigne might be saying something trivial as when he says, when I play with my cat who knows whether she is amusing me or whether I am amusing her.
78
Or it could be something poignant and profound as in his essay on the death of his best friend.
79
But he always comes across as human, as human as you and me.
80
The philosopher and writer James Baldwin once put it perfectly when he said, you think that your pain and your heartbreak are unprecedented in the history of the world,
81
but then you read.
82
It was books that taught me that the things
83
that tormented me the most were the very things
84
that connected me with all of the people who were alive and who had ever been alive.
85
That's what I get when I read Montaigne.
86
Third, the Tao Te Ching by Lao Tzu.
87
There are some people who are quite reluctant to call books like the Tao Te Ching philosophy at all.
88
They argue that philosophy is a narrowly defined discipline that involves premises, conclusions and grounding all of your argument in this rational discussion.
89
And so if we define philosophy like that then yes the Tao Te Ching is very much not philosophy.
90
Because the Tao Te Ching is very different from both Aristotle and Montaigne.
91
In fact it's different from almost all academic work written in the Western tradition.
92
It's a collection of aphorisms and pithy nuggets that are so vague it's hard to even make sense of them at times.
93
Not only do they refuse to give you any straight answers whatsoever
94
but they make you question whether there can be any straight answers to be found at all.
95
But the reason it's important for self -development is
96
because books like the Tao Te Ching appeal to an element of the human condition in a way
97
that more rational texts simply cannot.
98
In many ways, the Tao Te Ching is closer to poetry than philosophy, but in the way that poetry can also be deeply philosophical.
99
Taoist students reading the Tao Te Ching would sometimes spend months reading a single line from Lao Tzu's work.
100
They would meditate on what the words revealed, often sharing their interpretations,
101
and many copies of the Tao Te Ching handed down to us are crammed with centuries worth of margelania.
102
The Tao Te Ching gives us two key insights.
103
The first is to accept that some things are beyond our comprehension and likely will remain beyond our comprehension forever.
104
There are mystical forces and answers that cannot be labeled, but which are no less important for it.
105
Whether you prefer to call that the Tao, fate, the unconscious, socio -economic forces, the will, god or whatever, the central idea is the same.
106
Some things exist and cannot be named.
107
The second is what the Tao Te Ching is about.
108
It's about listening to these nameless forces.
109
It's about following the river of your life, waterfalls and rapids too if it comes to that.
110
Blaise Pascal once wrote that the heart has its reasons which reason knows nothing of.
111
I quote Pascal because listen to your heart is a bit too saccharine and cliched even for me.
112
I do not know entirely what the Tao Te Ching is about.
113
Some of it does appear to be paradoxical nonsense.
114
I don't think anybody can entirely make sense of large portions of it but the experience of reading the Tao Te Ching, of reading any of these books in this list come to think of it,
115
is an act of meditative mindfulness in itself.
116
Because sometimes the best thing about philosophy is not the ideas themselves, but the process of considering them.
حول هذا الدرس
أنت تتدرب على اللغة الإنجليزية باستخدام "3 philosophy classics that are better than self-help books" مع تقنية الـ Shadowing.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.