تدريب Shadowing: How the lead industry lied to the public for decades - Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية مع YouTube

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In the 1970s, pediatrician Herbert Needleman and colleagues collected
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In the 1970s, pediatrician Herbert Needleman and colleagues collected
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and analyzed the baby teeth of schoolchildren across Boston and Philadelphia in return for small rewards.
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But their so-called tooth fairy project confirmed a dark reality.
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Many kids had been exposed to lead.
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Lead is a metallic element that's distributed across Earth's crust.
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When it enters the human body,
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it can disrupt many critical processes that span various systems,
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producing a diverse set of symptoms.
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This is because the body tends to falsely recognize lead as similarly charged metallic elements like calcium,
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iron, and zinc, and use it in their place for essential reactions,
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wreaking whole body havoc.
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For example, lead can disrupt the synthesis of hemoglobin,
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an essential protein to the oxygen-transporting red blood cells,
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and it can compete with iron to be absorbed in the intestines.
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Both things can lead to anemia and fatigue.
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Lead can also cross the blood-brain barrier,
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damaging neurons and interfering with the activity of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine.
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This can spur cognitive and behavioral changes, including hyperactivity and aggression.
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And because of negative effects in other areas,
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lead exposure can also cause high blood pressure,
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headaches, pregnancy complications, and abdominal, joint, and muscle pain.
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Mimicking calcium, lead may also get stored in teeth and bone,
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then released back into the bloodstream later in life.
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And because children's bodies are smaller and still developing, they're especially sensitive.
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Lead exposure can lead to developmental delays,
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cognitive and behavioral issues, and at high enough concentrations, seizures, coma, and death.
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No level of lead exposure is considered safe,
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no matter how small the amount.
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So, lead is obviously a serious health concern,
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and people actually made that link early on.
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Circa 20 BCE, Roman architect Vitruvius noted lead workers' pallor and health issues,
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and one 18th-century Italian physician similarly attributed the frailty and abdominal pains of potters to lead.
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Yet, despite the long known health risks,
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lead became incredibly popular during the 19th and 20th centuries.
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Its malleability made it appealing for molding into things like pipes,
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coins, and pans, and its opacity meant it was an effective pigment in paints and cosmetics.
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Sounds pretty great if you were to overlook or obscure lead's toxicity.
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And unfortunately, certain people were set on doing just that.
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By the early 20th century,
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there were widespread reports of brain damage,
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convulsions, and death among children who inhaled or ingested lead,
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most often from paint.
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In 1921, the League of Nations passed lead paint restrictions,
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which were enacted in many countries.
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But the U.S never joined the League of Nations,
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and the American lead industry aggressively promoted lead products as safe and advocated for leaded gasoline.
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Through the 1960s, activist groups like the Young Lords and Black Panthers brought attention to lead poisoning.
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The lead industry, in turn,
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attempted to blame the issue on lower-income parents.
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Their claim?
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That the parents didn't prevent their kids from crawling around and putting their hands in their mouths.
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Typical behavior among children.
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But evidence about lead's harms were accumulating.
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When Edelman's team compared the lead levels in the baby teeth they'd collected,
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they realized that children with the highest amounts performed worse on cognitive and behavioral assessments,
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findings the lead industry attempted to undermine and obfuscate.
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Gradually, the U.S introduced laws against lead paint in the 1970s,
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lead water pipes in the 80s,
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and leaded gasoline in on-road vehicles in the 90s.
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But none of this undid the damage of decades of aggressive lead implementation.
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And the process of removing lead is dangerous, time-consuming, and costly.
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As of 2024, lead paint still coats walls and contaminates soil and water worldwide worldwide.
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Tens of millions of people in the U.S alone drink water from lead pipes.
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The lead industry made billions following the same denial and disinformation playbook the oil and tobacco industries used,
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sometimes even relying on the same consulting firm.
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But there have been some steps towards justice.
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In California in 2019, lead manufacturers were ordered to finance over $300 million worth of lead paint replacement,
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a glint of levity and a history leaden with industrial greed.
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If you enjoy learning about history,
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subscribe to this channel, because the lessons of yesterday can help us face the challenges of today.

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المفردات الرئيسية والعبارات

  • الرصاص - Lead
  • التسمم بالرصاص - Lead poisoning
  • تأخيرات في النمو - Developmental delays
  • مشاكل سلوكية - Behavioral issues
  • أنيميا - Anemia
  • اختبارات معرفية - Cognitive assessments
  • الأغنياء - Wealthy
  • المنظمات الناشطة - Activist groups

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ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

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