Pratica di Shadowing: How the lead industry lied to the public for decades - Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner - Impara a parlare inglese con YouTube

C1
In the 1970s, pediatrician Herbert Needleman and colleagues collected
⏸ In Pausa
Tutte le Frasi70 frasi
Se le frasi sono troppo corte o troppo lunghe, clicca su Edit per modificarle.
1
In the 1970s, pediatrician Herbert Needleman and colleagues collected
2
and analyzed the baby teeth of schoolchildren across Boston and Philadelphia in return for small rewards.
3
But their so-called tooth fairy project confirmed a dark reality.
4
Many kids had been exposed to lead.
5
Lead is a metallic element that's distributed across Earth's crust.
6
When it enters the human body,
7
it can disrupt many critical processes that span various systems,
8
producing a diverse set of symptoms.
9
This is because the body tends to falsely recognize lead as similarly charged metallic elements like calcium,
10
iron, and zinc, and use it in their place for essential reactions,
11
wreaking whole body havoc.
12
For example, lead can disrupt the synthesis of hemoglobin,
13
an essential protein to the oxygen-transporting red blood cells,
14
and it can compete with iron to be absorbed in the intestines.
15
Both things can lead to anemia and fatigue.
16
Lead can also cross the blood-brain barrier,
17
damaging neurons and interfering with the activity of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine.
18
This can spur cognitive and behavioral changes, including hyperactivity and aggression.
19
And because of negative effects in other areas,
20
lead exposure can also cause high blood pressure,
21
headaches, pregnancy complications, and abdominal, joint, and muscle pain.
22
Mimicking calcium, lead may also get stored in teeth and bone,
23
then released back into the bloodstream later in life.
24
And because children's bodies are smaller and still developing, they're especially sensitive.
25
Lead exposure can lead to developmental delays,
26
cognitive and behavioral issues, and at high enough concentrations, seizures, coma, and death.
27
No level of lead exposure is considered safe,
28
no matter how small the amount.
29
So, lead is obviously a serious health concern,
30
and people actually made that link early on.
31
Circa 20 BCE, Roman architect Vitruvius noted lead workers' pallor and health issues,
32
and one 18th-century Italian physician similarly attributed the frailty and abdominal pains of potters to lead.
33
Yet, despite the long known health risks,
34
lead became incredibly popular during the 19th and 20th centuries.
35
Its malleability made it appealing for molding into things like pipes,
36
coins, and pans, and its opacity meant it was an effective pigment in paints and cosmetics.
37
Sounds pretty great if you were to overlook or obscure lead's toxicity.
38
And unfortunately, certain people were set on doing just that.
39
By the early 20th century,
40
there were widespread reports of brain damage,
41
convulsions, and death among children who inhaled or ingested lead,
42
most often from paint.
43
In 1921, the League of Nations passed lead paint restrictions,
44
which were enacted in many countries.
45
But the U.S never joined the League of Nations,
46
and the American lead industry aggressively promoted lead products as safe and advocated for leaded gasoline.
47
Through the 1960s, activist groups like the Young Lords and Black Panthers brought attention to lead poisoning.
48
The lead industry, in turn,
49
attempted to blame the issue on lower-income parents.
50
Their claim?
51
That the parents didn't prevent their kids from crawling around and putting their hands in their mouths.
52
Typical behavior among children.
53
But evidence about lead's harms were accumulating.
54
When Edelman's team compared the lead levels in the baby teeth they'd collected,
55
they realized that children with the highest amounts performed worse on cognitive and behavioral assessments,
56
findings the lead industry attempted to undermine and obfuscate.
57
Gradually, the U.S introduced laws against lead paint in the 1970s,
58
lead water pipes in the 80s,
59
and leaded gasoline in on-road vehicles in the 90s.
60
But none of this undid the damage of decades of aggressive lead implementation.
61
And the process of removing lead is dangerous, time-consuming, and costly.
62
As of 2024, lead paint still coats walls and contaminates soil and water worldwide worldwide.
63
Tens of millions of people in the U.S alone drink water from lead pipes.
64
The lead industry made billions following the same denial and disinformation playbook the oil and tobacco industries used,
65
sometimes even relying on the same consulting firm.
66
But there have been some steps towards justice.
67
In California in 2019, lead manufacturers were ordered to finance over $300 million worth of lead paint replacement,
68
a glint of levity and a history leaden with industrial greed.
69
If you enjoy learning about history,
70
subscribe to this channel, because the lessons of yesterday can help us face the challenges of today.

Scarica l'app

Valutazione AI per ogni frase che pronunci

Scansiona per scaricare
Scansiona per scaricare
Download on theApp Store
Get it onGoogle Play
TRENDING

Popolari

4.9/5 su App Store & Google Play

Shadowing English Su Mobile

Impara l'inglese sempre e ovunque con l'app Shadowing English. Migliora le tue capacità di comunicazione oggi stesso!

Tieni traccia dei tuoi progressi di apprendimento
Valutazione e correzione degli errori tramite intelligenza artificiale
Ricca libreria video
Download on theApp Store
GET IT ONGoogle Play
Shadowing English Mobile App

Informazioni su Questa Lezione

In questa lezione, gli studenti esploreranno il tema dell'esposizione al piombo e i suoi effetti nocivi sulla salute, come discusso nel video di Gerald Markowitz e David Rosner. Attraverso l'analisi di un esperimento condotto negli anni '70 sui denti dei bambini e delle conseguenze storiche dell'uso del piombo, gli studenti praticheranno l'ascolto attivo e il shadow speech, migliorando la loro pronuncia in inglese. Focalizzandosi su vocaboli e frasi chiave, apprenderanno a comunicare argomenti complessi in inglese in modo più fluido e sicuro.

Vocabolario e Frasi Chiave

  • Lead - Piombo
  • Exposure - Esposizione
  • Health risks - Rischi per la salute
  • Cognitive changes - Cambiamenti cognitivi
  • Developmental delays - Rallentamenti dello sviluppo
  • Anemia - Anemia
  • Paint restrictions - Restrizioni sulla vernice
  • Environmental contamination - Contaminazione ambientale

Consigli per la Pratica

Per massimizzare i benefici del shadowing, prova a seguire il ritmo e il tono degli oratori nel video. Inizia guardando attentamente e in seguito ripeti le frasi ascoltate, focalizzandoti sulla pronuncia e sull'intonazione. Potresti anche voler trascrivere brevi estratti del video per identificare modelli linguistici e migliorare la tua comprensione. Utilizza tecniche di shadow speak per rinforzare la tua memoria e rendere più naturali le tue risposte in conversazioni future. Ricorda di ricercare i vocaboli chiave, così da poterli inserire nelle tue frasi quotidiane. Per ulteriori esercizi, visita un shadowing site per nuove risorse e pratiche di apprendimento che sosterranno il tuo percorso per migliorare la pronuncia inglese.

Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?

Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.

☕ Offrici un caffè