Pratique du Shadowing: How the lead industry lied to the public for decades - Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec YouTube

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In the 1970s, pediatrician Herbert Needleman and colleagues collected
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In the 1970s, pediatrician Herbert Needleman and colleagues collected
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and analyzed the baby teeth of schoolchildren across Boston and Philadelphia in return for small rewards.
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But their so-called tooth fairy project confirmed a dark reality.
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Many kids had been exposed to lead.
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Lead is a metallic element that's distributed across Earth's crust.
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When it enters the human body,
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it can disrupt many critical processes that span various systems,
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producing a diverse set of symptoms.
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This is because the body tends to falsely recognize lead as similarly charged metallic elements like calcium,
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iron, and zinc, and use it in their place for essential reactions,
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wreaking whole body havoc.
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For example, lead can disrupt the synthesis of hemoglobin,
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an essential protein to the oxygen-transporting red blood cells,
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and it can compete with iron to be absorbed in the intestines.
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Both things can lead to anemia and fatigue.
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Lead can also cross the blood-brain barrier,
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damaging neurons and interfering with the activity of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine.
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This can spur cognitive and behavioral changes, including hyperactivity and aggression.
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And because of negative effects in other areas,
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lead exposure can also cause high blood pressure,
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headaches, pregnancy complications, and abdominal, joint, and muscle pain.
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Mimicking calcium, lead may also get stored in teeth and bone,
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then released back into the bloodstream later in life.
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And because children's bodies are smaller and still developing, they're especially sensitive.
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Lead exposure can lead to developmental delays,
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cognitive and behavioral issues, and at high enough concentrations, seizures, coma, and death.
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No level of lead exposure is considered safe,
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no matter how small the amount.
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So, lead is obviously a serious health concern,
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and people actually made that link early on.
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Circa 20 BCE, Roman architect Vitruvius noted lead workers' pallor and health issues,
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and one 18th-century Italian physician similarly attributed the frailty and abdominal pains of potters to lead.
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Yet, despite the long known health risks,
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lead became incredibly popular during the 19th and 20th centuries.
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Its malleability made it appealing for molding into things like pipes,
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coins, and pans, and its opacity meant it was an effective pigment in paints and cosmetics.
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Sounds pretty great if you were to overlook or obscure lead's toxicity.
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And unfortunately, certain people were set on doing just that.
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By the early 20th century,
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there were widespread reports of brain damage,
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convulsions, and death among children who inhaled or ingested lead,
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most often from paint.
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In 1921, the League of Nations passed lead paint restrictions,
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which were enacted in many countries.
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But the U.S never joined the League of Nations,
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and the American lead industry aggressively promoted lead products as safe and advocated for leaded gasoline.
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Through the 1960s, activist groups like the Young Lords and Black Panthers brought attention to lead poisoning.
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The lead industry, in turn,
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attempted to blame the issue on lower-income parents.
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Their claim?
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That the parents didn't prevent their kids from crawling around and putting their hands in their mouths.
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Typical behavior among children.
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But evidence about lead's harms were accumulating.
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When Edelman's team compared the lead levels in the baby teeth they'd collected,
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they realized that children with the highest amounts performed worse on cognitive and behavioral assessments,
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findings the lead industry attempted to undermine and obfuscate.
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Gradually, the U.S introduced laws against lead paint in the 1970s,
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lead water pipes in the 80s,
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and leaded gasoline in on-road vehicles in the 90s.
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But none of this undid the damage of decades of aggressive lead implementation.
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And the process of removing lead is dangerous, time-consuming, and costly.
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As of 2024, lead paint still coats walls and contaminates soil and water worldwide worldwide.
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Tens of millions of people in the U.S alone drink water from lead pipes.
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The lead industry made billions following the same denial and disinformation playbook the oil and tobacco industries used,
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sometimes even relying on the same consulting firm.
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But there have been some steps towards justice.
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In California in 2019, lead manufacturers were ordered to finance over $300 million worth of lead paint replacement,
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a glint of levity and a history leaden with industrial greed.
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If you enjoy learning about history,
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subscribe to this channel, because the lessons of yesterday can help us face the challenges of today.

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About This Lesson

In this lesson, you will practice your English listening and speaking skills by engaging with a fascinating discussion on the lead industry's impact on public health. The video transcript delves into historical insights, scientific findings, and societal implications related to lead exposure. By following along, you will gain valuable vocabulary and context-rich phrases that will enhance your understanding of health-related issues while also improving your speaking abilities through the shadowing technique.

Key Vocabulary & Phrases

  • Lead - A toxic metallic element that can cause serious health issues when ingested or inhaled.
  • Neurons - Nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain and play a key role in cognitive functions.
  • Cognitive changes - Alterations in thought processes, which can affect behavior, learning, and memory.
  • Anemia - A medical condition resulting from a lack of healthy red blood cells, often leading to fatigue.
  • Blood-brain barrier - A protective barrier that regulates what substances can enter the brain from the bloodstream.
  • Developmental delays - Slower-than-expected progress in physical, cognitive, and emotional development.
  • Industrial greed - The unethical prioritization of profit over public health and safety.
  • Environmental contamination - The presence of harmful substances in the environment, impacting health and safety.

Practice Tips

To maximize your learning experience with this content, consider implementing the shadowing technique, which is an effective method for improving your speaking skills. Here are some specific practice tips:

  • First, listen to the video at a normal speed to absorb the content and context. Pay particular attention to the intonation and rhythm of the speakers.
  • Then, play the video again and repeat small sections out loud, mimicking the speakers as closely as possible. Focus on clear pronunciation and emotional expression.
  • Use a shadowing app to record your voice while you practice. This will help you identify areas for improvement, such as speech rate and clarity.
  • Consider breaking down the video into smaller segments, allowing you to practice each segment multiple times. This can help reinforce your understanding of complex vocabulary.
  • After shadowing, try summarizing the key points of the video in your own words. This will enhance your comprehension and ability to articulate complex ideas.

By regularly practicing with these methods, you will improve not only your speaking fluency but also your ability to understand and discuss critical issues in English, making your learning experience richer and more engaging.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

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