跟读练习: How the lead industry lied to the public for decades - Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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In the 1970s, pediatrician Herbert Needleman and colleagues collected
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In the 1970s, pediatrician Herbert Needleman and colleagues collected
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and analyzed the baby teeth of schoolchildren across Boston and Philadelphia in return for small rewards.
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But their so-called tooth fairy project confirmed a dark reality.
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Many kids had been exposed to lead.
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Lead is a metallic element that's distributed across Earth's crust.
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When it enters the human body,
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it can disrupt many critical processes that span various systems,
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producing a diverse set of symptoms.
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This is because the body tends to falsely recognize lead as similarly charged metallic elements like calcium,
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iron, and zinc, and use it in their place for essential reactions,
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wreaking whole body havoc.
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For example, lead can disrupt the synthesis of hemoglobin,
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an essential protein to the oxygen-transporting red blood cells,
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and it can compete with iron to be absorbed in the intestines.
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Both things can lead to anemia and fatigue.
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Lead can also cross the blood-brain barrier,
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damaging neurons and interfering with the activity of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine.
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This can spur cognitive and behavioral changes, including hyperactivity and aggression.
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And because of negative effects in other areas,
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lead exposure can also cause high blood pressure,
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headaches, pregnancy complications, and abdominal, joint, and muscle pain.
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Mimicking calcium, lead may also get stored in teeth and bone,
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then released back into the bloodstream later in life.
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And because children's bodies are smaller and still developing, they're especially sensitive.
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Lead exposure can lead to developmental delays,
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cognitive and behavioral issues, and at high enough concentrations, seizures, coma, and death.
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No level of lead exposure is considered safe,
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no matter how small the amount.
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So, lead is obviously a serious health concern,
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and people actually made that link early on.
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Circa 20 BCE, Roman architect Vitruvius noted lead workers' pallor and health issues,
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and one 18th-century Italian physician similarly attributed the frailty and abdominal pains of potters to lead.
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Yet, despite the long known health risks,
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lead became incredibly popular during the 19th and 20th centuries.
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Its malleability made it appealing for molding into things like pipes,
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coins, and pans, and its opacity meant it was an effective pigment in paints and cosmetics.
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Sounds pretty great if you were to overlook or obscure lead's toxicity.
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And unfortunately, certain people were set on doing just that.
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By the early 20th century,
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there were widespread reports of brain damage,
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convulsions, and death among children who inhaled or ingested lead,
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most often from paint.
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In 1921, the League of Nations passed lead paint restrictions,
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which were enacted in many countries.
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But the U.S never joined the League of Nations,
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and the American lead industry aggressively promoted lead products as safe and advocated for leaded gasoline.
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Through the 1960s, activist groups like the Young Lords and Black Panthers brought attention to lead poisoning.
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The lead industry, in turn,
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attempted to blame the issue on lower-income parents.
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Their claim?
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That the parents didn't prevent their kids from crawling around and putting their hands in their mouths.
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Typical behavior among children.
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But evidence about lead's harms were accumulating.
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When Edelman's team compared the lead levels in the baby teeth they'd collected,
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they realized that children with the highest amounts performed worse on cognitive and behavioral assessments,
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findings the lead industry attempted to undermine and obfuscate.
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Gradually, the U.S introduced laws against lead paint in the 1970s,
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lead water pipes in the 80s,
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and leaded gasoline in on-road vehicles in the 90s.
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But none of this undid the damage of decades of aggressive lead implementation.
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And the process of removing lead is dangerous, time-consuming, and costly.
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As of 2024, lead paint still coats walls and contaminates soil and water worldwide worldwide.
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Tens of millions of people in the U.S alone drink water from lead pipes.
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The lead industry made billions following the same denial and disinformation playbook the oil and tobacco industries used,
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sometimes even relying on the same consulting firm.
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But there have been some steps towards justice.
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In California in 2019, lead manufacturers were ordered to finance over $300 million worth of lead paint replacement,
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a glint of levity and a history leaden with industrial greed.
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If you enjoy learning about history,
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subscribe to this channel, because the lessons of yesterday can help us face the challenges of today.
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为什么通过这个视频练习口语？
在学习英语口语时，使用真实的资料是非常重要的。这个视频探讨了铅暴露对儿童健康的深远影响，通过具体的案例和研究结果，提供了丰富的语境。观看这个视频并进行口语练习，不仅能提高你的英语表达能力，还能帮助你理解复杂的社会问题，从而在与他人交流时增添深度和广度。当你用这种方式练习时，你的发音和语调也会变得更加自然，这正是英语口语练习中的一个重要方面。
语法和表达在语境中的应用
视频中使用了一些关键的语法结构和表达方式，帮助我们更好地理解论点。以下是几个具体的例子：
- 被动语态：如“铅被认为是有害的”可以帮助学习者理解如何用被动语态表达客观事实。
- 因果关系：使用“因为…所以…”这样的结构，如“铅会破坏神经元，因为它穿过血脑屏障。”这样的表述让我们了解因果关系的表达。
- 现在进行时：例如“研究发现”，这种时态使得信息显得更为紧迫且相关，适合用来讨论当前的健康问题。
通过这些句型的反复练习，你可以在雅思口语练习中自信地表达自己的观点，同时提高自己的口语能力。
常见发音陷阱
在这个视频中，有几个词汇的发音可能会对学习者造成困惑：
- “铅”（lead）：这个词的发音与其拼写不一致，很多学习者可能会发音错误。
- “毒”（toxic）：注意这个词的重音在第一个音节上，容易和“音乐”（music）混淆。
- 短语“达到”（to reach）：发音时注意轻音，使句子连接更自然流畅。
建议学习者在练习时，重复观看视频，并模仿说话者的语调和重音，通过这种方法，你的发音会更加接近母语者。同时，这种shadow speech的练习方式，有助于你在日常交流中更自信地使用英语。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。