تدريب Shadowing: Introduction to Astronomy: Crash Course Astronomy #1 - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
اختر وضع التدريب
كل وضع يفتح غرفة تدريب بملء الشاشة.
172 جمل
إذا كانت الجمل قصيرة أو طويلة جدًا، انقر على Edit لتعديلها.
1
Hello, and welcome to Crash Course Astronomy.
2
I'm your host, Phil Plait, and I'll be taking you on a guided tour of the entire universe.
3
You might want to pack a lunch.
4
Over the course of this series, we'll explore planets, stars, black holes, galaxies, subatomic particles, and even the eventual fate of the universe itself.
5
But before we step into space, let's take a step back.
6
I want to talk to you about science.
7
There are lots of definitions of science, but I'll say that it's a body of knowledge and a method of how we learned that knowledge.
8
Science tells us that stuff we think we know may not be perfectly known.
9
It may be partly or entirely wrong.
10
We need to watch the universe, see how it behaves, make guesses about why it's doing what it's doing,
11
and then try to think of ways to support or disprove those ideas.
12
That last part is important.
13
Science must be, above all else, honest if we really want to get to the bottom of things.
14
Understanding that our understanding might be wrong is essential, and trying to figure out the ways we may be mistaken is the only way
15
that science can help us find our way to the truth .
16
Science learns.
17
We meander a bit as we use it, but in the long run we get closer and closer to understanding reality,
18
and that That is the strength of science, and it's all around us.
19
Whether you know it or not, you're soaking in science.
20
You're a primate, you have mass, mitochondria in your cells are generating energy, presumably you're breathing oxygen.
21
But astronomy is different.
22
It's still science, of course, but astronomy puts you in your place.
23
Because of astronomy, I know we're standing on a sphere of mostly molten rock and metal 13 ,000 kilometers across,
24
with a fuzzy atmosphere about 100 kilometers high,
25
surrounded by a magnetic field that protects us from the onslaught of subatomic particles from the Sun 150 million kilometers away.
26
Which is also flooding space with light that reaches across space to illuminate the planets, asteroids, dust, and comets, racing out past the Kuiper Belt,
27
through the Oort Cloud, into interstellar space, past the nearest stars, which orbit along with gas clouds and dust lanes,
28
in a gigantic spiral galaxy we call the Milky Way, that has a supermassive black hole in its center,
29
and is surrounded by 150 globular clusters and a halo of dark matter and dwarf galaxies, some of which it's eating,
30
all of which can be seen by other galaxies in our local group, like Andromeda and Triangulum.
31
And our group is on the outskirts of the Virgo Galaxy Cluster, which is part of the Virgo Super Cluster,
32
which is just one of many other gigantic structures that stretch most of the way across the visible universe,
33
which is 90 billion light -years across and expanding every day, even faster today than yesterday, day due to mysterious dark energy,
34
and even all that might be part of an infinitely larger multiverse that extends forever both in time and space.
35
See?
36
Astronomy puts you in your place.
37
But what exactly is astronomy?
38
This isn't necessarily an obvious thing to ask.
39
When I was a kid, it was easy.
40
Astronomy is the study of things in the sky — the Sun, Moon, stars, galaxies, and stuff like that.
41
But it's not so easy to pigeonhole these days.
42
Take, for example, Mars.
43
When I haul my scope out to the end of my driveway and look at Mars, that's astronomy, right? Of course!
44
But what about the rovers there?
45
Those machines aren't doing astronomy, surely.
46
They're doing chemistry, geology, hydrology, petrology.
47
Everything but astronomy.
48
So nowadays, what's astronomy?
49
I'd say it's still studying stuff in the sky, but it's branched out quite a bit from there.
50
Borders between it and other fields of science are fuzzy, a theme I'll be hitting on several times over this series.
51
Humans might like firm, delineated boundaries between things, but nature isn't so picky.
52
And that brings us to our first edition of Focus On.
53
This week's topic, astronomers.
54
Who are we?
55
What do we do?
56
I used to look through telescopes for a living, or at least study the data that came from detectors strapped onto them.
57
But now I talk and write about astronomy, and relegate my viewing to my personal backyard telescope.
58
But I still consider myself an astronomer.
59
So that should give you an idea that there's a lot of wiggle room in the profession.
60
In fact, when I worked on Hubble Space Telescope, I was actually hired as a programmer.
61
I coded in the language used by the folks helping to build
62
and calibrate a camera that was due to launch into space and be installed onto Hubble by an astronaut.
63
Once the data from that camera are taken and analyzed, you have to know what to do with them.
64
Do the observations fit the physical model of how stars blow up, or how galaxies form, or the way gas flows through space?
65
Well, you better know your math and physics, because that's how we test our hypotheses.
66
And someone who does that is generally called an astrophysicist.
67
Of course, those telescopes and detectors don't create themselves.
68
We need engineers to design and build them, and technicians to use them.
69
Most astronomers don't actually use the telescopes themselves anymore.
70
Someone who's trained in their specific use does that for them.
71
Some of those instruments go into space, and some go to other worlds like the Moon and Mars.
72
We need astronomers and engineers and software programmers who can build those, too.
73
And then, at the end of all this, we need people to tell you all about it — teachers, professors, writers, video makers, even artists.
74
So I'll tell you what.
75
If you have an interest in the universe, if you love to look up at the stars,
76
if you crave to understand what's going on literally over your head, then who am I to say you're not an astronomer?
77
However you define astronomy, humans have been looking up at the sky for as long as we've been human.
78
Certainly, ancient people noticed the big, glowy ball in the sky, and how it lit everything up while it was up,
79
and how it got dark when it was gone.
80
The other, fainter, glowy thing tried, but wasn't quite as good at lighting up the night.
81
They probably took that sort of thing pretty seriously.
82
They probably also noticed that when certain stars appeared in the sky, the weather started getting warmer and the days longer,
83
and when other stars were seen, the weather would get colder and daytime shortened.
84
And when humans settled down, discovered agriculture, and started farming, noticing those patterns in the sky would have had an even greater impact.
85
It told them when to plant seeds and when to harvest.
86
The cycles in the sky became pretty important.
87
So important that it wasn't hard to imagine gods up there looking down on us weak
88
and ridiculous humans interfering with our lives.
89
Surely if the stars tell us when to plant and control the weather, seasons, and the length of the day, they control our lives, too.
90
And astrology was born.
91
Astrology literally means study of the stars.
92
As a word, it's been used before science became a formal method of studying nature.
93
It irks me a bit, since it got the good name and now we're stuck with astronomy, which means law or culture of the stars,
94
and that's not really what we do.
95
But what the heck?
96
Words change meaning over time, and now it's pretty well understood that astronomy is science and astrology.. isn't.
97
Millennia ago, astrology was as close to science as you got.
98
It had some of the flavors of science.
99
Astrologers observed the skies, made predictions about how it would affect people,
100
and then those people would provide evidence for it by swearing up and down it worked.
101
The thing is, it really didn't.
102
The fault of astrology lies in ourselves and not our stars.
103
People tend to remember the hits and forget the misses when predictions are made, which is why they sometimes sit in casinos pumping nickels into machines
104
that are proven to be nothing more than a method for reducing the number of nickels you have.
105
But astrology led people to really study the sky and find the patterns there,
106
which led to a more rigorous understanding of how things really worked in the heavenly vault.
107
It wasn't overnight, of course.
108
This took centuries.
109
Before the invention of the telescope, keen observers built all sorts of odd and wonderful devices to measure the heavens.
110
And in fact, it was before the telescope was first turned to the sky that a huge revolution in astronomy took place.
111
It is patently obvious that the ground you stand on is fixed, rooted if you will, and the skies turn above us.
112
The sun rises, the sun sets.
113
The moon rises and sets.
114
The stars themselves wheel around the sky at night.
115
Clearly the Earth is motionless and the sky is what is actually moving.
116
In fact, if you think about it, geocentrism makes perfect sense, that all the objects in the sky revolve about the Earth
117
and are fixed to a series of nested spheres, some of which are transparent, maybe made of crystal, which spin once per day.
118
The stars may just be holes in otherwise opaque spheres letting sunlight through.
119
Sounds silly to you, doesn't it?
120
Well, here's the thing.
121
If you don't have today's modern understanding of how the cosmos works, this whole multiple shells of things in the sky thing actually does make sense.
122
It explains a lot of what's going on over your head.
123
And if it was good enough for Plato, Aristotle and Ptolemy, then by God it was good enough for you.
124
And speaking of which, it was endorsed by the major religions of the time,
125
so maybe it's better if you just nod and agree and don't think about it too hard.
126
But a few centuries ago, things changed.
127
Although he wasn't the first, the Polish mathematician and astronomer Copernicus came up with the idea that the Sun was the center of the solar system,
128
not the Earth.
129
His idea had problems, which we'll get to in a later episode, but but it did an incrementally better job than geocentrism.
130
And then along came Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, who modified that system, making it even better.
131
Then, Isaac Newton.
132
Oh, Newton.
133
He invented calculus, partly to help him understand the way objects moved in space.
134
Over time, our math got better, our physics got better, and our understanding grew.
135
Applied math was a revolution in astronomy, and then the use of telescopes was another.
136
Galileo didn't invent the telescope, by the way, but made them better.
137
Newton invented a new kind that was even better than that, and we've run with the idea from there.
138
Then, about a century ago, came another revolution—photography.
139
We could capture much fainter objects on glass plates sprayed with light -sensitive chemicals, which revealed stars otherwise invisible to us.
140
Details in galaxies, beautiful clouds of gas and dust in space.
141
And then, in the latter half of the last century, Digital detectors were invented, which were even more sensitive than film.
142
We could use computers to directly analyze observations, and our knowledge leaped again.
143
When these were coupled with telescopes sent into orbit around the Earth, where our roiling and boiling atmosphere doesn't blur out observations,
144
we began yet another revolution.
145
And where are we now?
146
We've come such a long way.
147
What questions can we routinely ask that our ancestors would not have dared?
148
What statements made with a pretty good degree of certainty?
149
Think on this.
150
The lights in the sky are stars.
151
There are other worlds.
152
We take the idea of looking for life on alien planets seriously and spend billions of dollars doing it.
153
Our galaxy is one of a hundred billion others.
154
We can only directly see 4 % of the universe.
155
Stars explode.
156
And when they do, they create the stuff of life.
157
The iron in our blood, the calcium in our bones, the phosphorus that is the backbone of our DNA.
158
The most common kind of star in the universe is so faint you can't even see it without a telescope.
159
Our solar system is filled to overflowing, with worlds more bizarre than we could have dreamed.
160
Nature has more imagination than we do.
161
It comes up with some nutty stuff.
162
We're clever too, we big -brained apes.
163
We've learned a lot.
164
But there's still a long way to go.
165
So with that, I think we're ready.
166
Let's explore the universe.
167
Today, you learned what astronomy is, and that astronomers aren't just people who operate telescopes, but include mathematicians, engineers, technicians, programmers, and even artists.
168
We also wrapped up with a quick history of the origins and development of astronomy, from ancient observers to the Hubble Space Telescope.
169
Crash Course is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
170
This episode was written by me, Phil Plait.
171
The script was edited by Blake DePastino, and our consultant is Dr. Michelle Thaller.
172
It was co -directed by Nicholas Jenkins and Michael Aranda, and the graphics is Thought Cafe.
تنزيل التطبيق
كل ما تحتاجه للتحدث بطلاقة
تقييم النطق بالذكاء الاصطناعيتقييم كل جملة
تدريب IPAأتقن كل صوت
المفرداتابنِ رصيدك من الكلمات
لعبة المفرداتتعلّم أثناء اللعب
نفس القناة
C11
Meet Your Master - Getting to Know Your Brain: Crash Course Psychology #4
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
The Bicameral Congress: Crash Course Government and Politics #2
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
Crash Course US History Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
How Water Shapes the Land: Crash Course Geology #9
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B210
Crash Course Sex Ed Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C13
The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government #1
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
The Periodic Table: Crash Course Chemistry #4
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B22
Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C11
Tissues, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #2
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
The Nucleus: Crash Course Chemistry #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B21
Defense Against the Dark Arts of Influence: Crash Course Business Soft Skills #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
FOR YOU
فيديو موصى به
C13
159 جمل
Intro to History of Science: Crash Course History of Science #1
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B25
49 جمل
27 Facts That Will Make You Question Your Existence
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
47 جمل
We Found Galaxies Too Old for the Universe
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
982 جمل
Theology of the Body Crash Course w/ Fr. Mike Schmitz — Session One: From the Beginning
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
119 جمل
Mathematics and Physics | Lesson 2 | Understanding the Connection
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
508 جمل
Einstein and the Theory of Relativity | HD |
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C111
39 جمل
You Will Only Like Half of This Video
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
764 جمل
11. Introduction to Machine Learning
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
684 جمل
The Most Likely Place to Find Aliens
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
71 جمل
The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
246 جمل
You Are Alive to Watch the Space Station Fall From the Sky
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “Introduction to Astronomy: Crash Course Astronomy”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: astronomy, star, sky, science, telescope. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 53 جملة و2244 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 11:59. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة، نحو 187 كلمة في الدقيقة، لذا ستسمع كثيرًا من وصل الكلمات واختزال الأصوات. 80% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا. 12 من أصل 53 جملة هي أسئلة، لذلك يناسب التدرب على نبرة السؤال والإجابات القصيرة.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| astronomy اسم | /əˈstɹɑ.nə.mi/ | فَلَك, عِلْم الْفَلَك |
| telescope اسم | /ˈtɛl.əˌskoʊp/ | تِلِسْكُوب, مِقْرَاب |
| galaxy اسم | /ˈɡæl.ək.si/ | مَجَرَّة |
| invent فعل | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | اِخْتَرَعَ |
| dust اسم | /dʌst/ | غُبَار, تراب |
| mathematics اسم | /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ | رِيَاضَة, رِيَاضِيَّات |
| observation اسم | /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/ | رَصْد, مُشَاهَدَة |
| programmer اسم | /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/ | مُبَرْمِج, مُبَرْمِجَة |
| atmosphere اسم | /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/ | جَو, غِلَاف جَوِّيّ |
| cloud اسم | /ˈklaʊ̯d/ | سَحَاب, غَيْم |
| sensitive صفة | /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/ | ذُو إِحْسَاس |
| physics اسم | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | فِيزِيَاء, فِيزِيقَا |
| explore فعل | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | اِسْتَكْشَفَ |
| orbit اسم | /ˈɔɹ.bɪt/ | مَدَار, فَلَك |
| cluster اسم | /ˈklʌstɚ/ | عُنْقُود, عُنْقُود نَجْمِيّ |
الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها
| الكلمة | المعنى |
|---|---|
| come up with فعل | جَاءَ بِـ, أَتَى بِـ |
| look down on فعل | تَرَفَّعَ |
| settle down فعل | هَدَأَ |
جمل تستحق التكرار
جمل قصيرة وكاملة من الفيديو يمكنك استخدامها في الحديث اليومي:
- What do we do?
- Sounds silly to you, doesn’t it?
- We’ve come such a long way!
- We’re clever too, we big-brained apes.
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | may not be perfectly known · may be mistaken · is surrounded |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | Cluster, which is · someone who does · astronomy, which means |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | we've been · it's been · we've run |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 40 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل don't, I'll, wasn't. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, breathe /bɹiːð/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, mathematician /ˌmæθ.(ə.)məˈtɪʃ.ən/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, technician /tɛkˈnɪʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, shell /ʃɛl/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: astronomy /əˈstɹɑ.nə.mi/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, ridiculous /ɹɪˈdɪk.jə.ləs/, photography /fəˈtɑ.ɡɹə.fi/
أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:
- /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: telescope /ˈtɛl.əˌskoʊp/, programmer /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/, explore /ɪkˈsploɹ/, partly /ˈpɑɹtli/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
- /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, sensitive /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/, observer /əbˈzɝvɚ/, visible /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/
- تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: astronomy /əˈstɹɑ.nə.mi/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, dust /dʌst/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, faint /feɪnt/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل astronomy, telescope, galaxy.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.