تدريب Shadowing: (Level- Medium) IELTS Actual listening Economics and Trust - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية مع YouTube

Now turn to Section 4.

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Now turn to Section 4.

Section 4.

You will hear part of a lecture on how economics is related to trust.

First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.

Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.

Every day we meet people we don't know,

and we have to decide how we're going to interact with them.

One way is to distrust them.

I think that's the standard view in economics.

People are basically not bad,

but they certainly want to take advantage of you.

However, another way to interact with strangers is to depend on their kindness,

such as when your car breaks down and a stranger stops and approaches you.

Why do we care about trust?

To begin with, trust is one of the biggest factors economists have ever found to explain why countries are rich or poor.

So, if we understand trust,

we can also understand how to alleviate poverty.

Figuring out how to increase trust among people is key for many things.

So, having said that, how do we measure trust?

Normally, when we're trying to judge whether to trust someone,

we look at their face.

We use a number of cues from there to decide how trustworthy the person is.

However, the problem is that it is very hard to control these kind of cues in a laboratory setting.

So we had to figure out a different way of measuring trust in a laboratory setting.

We began by thinking about what trust is.

In essence, if we trust someone,

there is a risk that they could misuse our trust and hurt us or take advantage of us.

So trust is conditional.

It says that in certain situations with certain people,

we are willing to open ourselves to the possibility of being hurt.

Because trust doesn't happen all the time,

we thought that there must be something measurable that happens inside the body when we choose to trust, something biological.

We started looking at research done on animals

and found that a brain chemical called oxytocin is released when there is interaction with another one of their species.

For example, when animals see their offspring or their mate,

oxytocin is released and makes them more cooperative and trusting.

Based on this, we thought oxytocin would be a good way to measure human trust.

We used an experiment first invented by Vernon Smith,

a Nobel Prize winner in economics in 2002.

In this experiment, the participants are put in different rooms and can't communicate with each other before or after the experiment.

For our purposes today, we will call the participants Peter and Sue.

In the experiment, Peter can signal that he trusts Sue by sending her some money.

The experiment then looks to see whether Sue sends any money back to Peter.

Before the task begins, both participants are clearly told that Sue has no obligation to send any money back.

According to John Nash, another Nobel Prize winner,

Sue shouldn't return anything because it's always better to have more money.

So, based on this theory,

Peter should have the expectation that Sue wouldn't send anything back.

Therefore, Peter shouldn't trust Sue and should send no money.

However, in our experiment, more than 80% of the first participants,

like Peter, chose to send money.

And most second participants, like Sue, then sent some back.

In addition, when the first participant sent the money voluntarily,

the oxytocin levels in the second participant were higher than when the first participant was told how much to send.

And when the money was sent voluntarily,

the second participant sent much more money back.

So, how do we interpret this data?

First of all, it seems very clear that oxytocin is released when someone trusts us and we respond with more cooperation.

So, I think of oxytocin as this sort of social glue that makes us care about strangers,

at least temporarily.

and allows us to do things like trust others,

work together, and open doors for one another,

even though we'll never see each other again.

It therefore appears that...

That is the end of Section 4.

You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Ech your answers.

Thank you.

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