Pratique du Shadowing: (Level- Medium) IELTS Actual listening Economics and Trust - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec YouTube

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Now turn to Section 4.
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Now turn to Section 4.
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Section 4.
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You will hear part of a lecture on how economics is related to trust.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Every day we meet people we don't know,
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and we have to decide how we're going to interact with them.
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One way is to distrust them.
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I think that's the standard view in economics.
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People are basically not bad,
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but they certainly want to take advantage of you.
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However, another way to interact with strangers is to depend on their kindness,
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such as when your car breaks down and a stranger stops and approaches you.
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Why do we care about trust?
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To begin with, trust is one of the biggest factors economists have ever found to explain why countries are rich or poor.
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So, if we understand trust,
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we can also understand how to alleviate poverty.
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Figuring out how to increase trust among people is key for many things.
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So, having said that, how do we measure trust?
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Normally, when we're trying to judge whether to trust someone,
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we look at their face.
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We use a number of cues from there to decide how trustworthy the person is.
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However, the problem is that it is very hard to control these kind of cues in a laboratory setting.
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So we had to figure out a different way of measuring trust in a laboratory setting.
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We began by thinking about what trust is.
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In essence, if we trust someone,
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there is a risk that they could misuse our trust and hurt us or take advantage of us.
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So trust is conditional.
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It says that in certain situations with certain people,
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we are willing to open ourselves to the possibility of being hurt.
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Because trust doesn't happen all the time,
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we thought that there must be something measurable that happens inside the body when we choose to trust, something biological.
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We started looking at research done on animals
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and found that a brain chemical called oxytocin is released when there is interaction with another one of their species.
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For example, when animals see their offspring or their mate,
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oxytocin is released and makes them more cooperative and trusting.
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Based on this, we thought oxytocin would be a good way to measure human trust.
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We used an experiment first invented by Vernon Smith,
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a Nobel Prize winner in economics in 2002.
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In this experiment, the participants are put in different rooms and can't communicate with each other before or after the experiment.
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For our purposes today, we will call the participants Peter and Sue.
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In the experiment, Peter can signal that he trusts Sue by sending her some money.
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The experiment then looks to see whether Sue sends any money back to Peter.
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Before the task begins, both participants are clearly told that Sue has no obligation to send any money back.
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According to John Nash, another Nobel Prize winner,
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Sue shouldn't return anything because it's always better to have more money.
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So, based on this theory,
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Peter should have the expectation that Sue wouldn't send anything back.
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Therefore, Peter shouldn't trust Sue and should send no money.
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However, in our experiment, more than 80% of the first participants,
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like Peter, chose to send money.
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And most second participants, like Sue, then sent some back.
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In addition, when the first participant sent the money voluntarily,
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the oxytocin levels in the second participant were higher than when the first participant was told how much to send.
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And when the money was sent voluntarily,
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the second participant sent much more money back.
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So, how do we interpret this data?
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First of all, it seems very clear that oxytocin is released when someone trusts us and we respond with more cooperation.
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So, I think of oxytocin as this sort of social glue that makes us care about strangers,
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at least temporarily.
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and allows us to do things like trust others,
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work together, and open doors for one another,
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even though we'll never see each other again.
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It therefore appears that...
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.

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About This Lesson

In this lesson, you will practice listening skills while exploring the intricate relationship between economics and trust. By focusing on a lecture about trust's impact on economics, you will enhance your comprehension abilities, build your vocabulary, and develop a deeper understanding of how interpersonal dynamics can influence economic outcomes. This lesson is particularly beneficial for those preparing for the IELTS listening section or anyone looking to improve their English speaking practice.

Key Vocabulary & Phrases

  • Distrust - a lack of trust or confidence in someone or something.
  • Conditional trust - trust that is based on specific conditions or situations.
  • Oxytocin - a brain chemical associated with social bonding and trusting interactions.
  • Cooperative - willing to work together with others harmoniously.
  • Experiment - a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery or test a hypothesis.
  • Signal trust - to communicate willingness to trust someone through actions.
  • Economist - an expert in economics who studies how resources are produced and distributed.

Practice Tips

To effectively practice your shadow speak skills with this lecture, consider using a shadowing app that allows you to listen and imitate the speaker. Here are some tailored suggestions:

  • Listen Carefully: Start by listening to the audio without speaking. Focus on understanding the content and tone.
  • Slow It Down: If the lecture feels too quick, adjust the playback speed on your shadowing app to a more manageable pace where you can clearly hear the pronunciation and intonation.
  • Repeat in Real-Time: As you listen again, try to speak along with the lecturer. This is key for achieving natural rhythm and fluency; it’s a fundamental part of shadowspeaks.
  • Record Yourself: Use the shadowing app to record your practice. Compare your pronunciation and intonation with the original audio to notice areas for improvement.
  • Focus on Key Phrases: Pay special attention to the vocabulary and phrases listed above, as they are essential for understanding the topic and improving your speaking proficiency.

By integrating these practice techniques into your learning routine, you’ll enhance your English speaking practice, build confidence, and deepen your comprehension of complex subjects like economics and trust. Happy learning!

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

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