跟读练习: (Level- Medium) IELTS Actual listening Economics and Trust - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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Now turn to Section 4.
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Now turn to Section 4.
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Section 4.
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You will hear part of a lecture on how economics is related to trust.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Every day we meet people we don't know,
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and we have to decide how we're going to interact with them.
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One way is to distrust them.
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I think that's the standard view in economics.
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People are basically not bad,
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but they certainly want to take advantage of you.
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However, another way to interact with strangers is to depend on their kindness,
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such as when your car breaks down and a stranger stops and approaches you.
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Why do we care about trust?
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To begin with, trust is one of the biggest factors economists have ever found to explain why countries are rich or poor.
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So, if we understand trust,
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we can also understand how to alleviate poverty.
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Figuring out how to increase trust among people is key for many things.
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So, having said that, how do we measure trust?
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Normally, when we're trying to judge whether to trust someone,
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we look at their face.
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We use a number of cues from there to decide how trustworthy the person is.
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However, the problem is that it is very hard to control these kind of cues in a laboratory setting.
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So we had to figure out a different way of measuring trust in a laboratory setting.
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We began by thinking about what trust is.
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In essence, if we trust someone,
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there is a risk that they could misuse our trust and hurt us or take advantage of us.
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So trust is conditional.
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It says that in certain situations with certain people,
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we are willing to open ourselves to the possibility of being hurt.
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Because trust doesn't happen all the time,
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we thought that there must be something measurable that happens inside the body when we choose to trust, something biological.
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We started looking at research done on animals
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and found that a brain chemical called oxytocin is released when there is interaction with another one of their species.
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For example, when animals see their offspring or their mate,
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oxytocin is released and makes them more cooperative and trusting.
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Based on this, we thought oxytocin would be a good way to measure human trust.
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We used an experiment first invented by Vernon Smith,
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a Nobel Prize winner in economics in 2002.
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In this experiment, the participants are put in different rooms and can't communicate with each other before or after the experiment.
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For our purposes today, we will call the participants Peter and Sue.
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In the experiment, Peter can signal that he trusts Sue by sending her some money.
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The experiment then looks to see whether Sue sends any money back to Peter.
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Before the task begins, both participants are clearly told that Sue has no obligation to send any money back.
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According to John Nash, another Nobel Prize winner,
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Sue shouldn't return anything because it's always better to have more money.
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So, based on this theory,
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Peter should have the expectation that Sue wouldn't send anything back.
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Therefore, Peter shouldn't trust Sue and should send no money.
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However, in our experiment, more than 80% of the first participants,
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like Peter, chose to send money.
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And most second participants, like Sue, then sent some back.
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In addition, when the first participant sent the money voluntarily,
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the oxytocin levels in the second participant were higher than when the first participant was told how much to send.
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And when the money was sent voluntarily,
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the second participant sent much more money back.
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So, how do we interpret this data?
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First of all, it seems very clear that oxytocin is released when someone trusts us and we respond with more cooperation.
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So, I think of oxytocin as this sort of social glue that makes us care about strangers,
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at least temporarily.
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and allows us to do things like trust others,
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work together, and open doors for one another,
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even though we'll never see each other again.
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It therefore appears that...
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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为什么要通过这个视频进行口语练习？
在这个视频中，我们将探讨经济学如何与信任相互关联。通过观看这个视频，学习者不仅能够提升他们的英语听力，还有机会进行雅思口语练习。通过模仿视频中的发音和语调，学习者可以提升自己的口语流利度和自信心。英语影子跟读是一种有效的方法，它能帮助你掌握语言的节奏和语感，尤其在面对陌生人时，如何表达到信任的重要性。
语法与表达在语境中的应用
在这段讲座中，演讲者使用了几个重要的结构，学习者可以通过以下内容加深理解：
- Conditional structures: 例如“if we trust someone, there is a risk that...”这类条件句能够帮助学习者理解如何表达条件关系。
- Present Perfect Tense: 使用现在完成时表达过去的经验和现在的影响，比如“we have ever found to explain...”帮助学习者掌握事件的时态。
- Descriptive language: 演讲者提到“brain chemical called oxytocin”，这种描述性语言可以帮助学习者在讲述科学或复杂概念时更加清晰。
- Direct quotations: 引用诺贝尔奖获得者的话，例如“According to John Nash...”可以增强言辞的权威性，同时学习如何在口语中使用引述。
常见的发音陷阱
在视频中，一些词汇和短语可能对学习者来说具有挑战性，特别是当他们在进行英语口语练习时：
- Oxytocin: 这个科学术语可能在发音上产生困惑，建议学习者多练习其发音。
- Cooperative: 发音时重音容易分散，确保在说这个词时强调重音部分。
- Misuse: 注意这个词的音节划分，避免产生误听。
通过以上内容，学习者可以结合雅思口语练习，通过视频进行英语影子跟读，逐步克服这些发音障碍，提升自己的交流能力。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。