シャドーイング練習: (Level- Medium) IELTS Actual listening Economics and Trust - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Now turn to Section 4.
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Now turn to Section 4.
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Section 4.
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You will hear part of a lecture on how economics is related to trust.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Every day we meet people we don't know,
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and we have to decide how we're going to interact with them.
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One way is to distrust them.
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I think that's the standard view in economics.
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People are basically not bad,
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but they certainly want to take advantage of you.
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However, another way to interact with strangers is to depend on their kindness,
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such as when your car breaks down and a stranger stops and approaches you.
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Why do we care about trust?
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To begin with, trust is one of the biggest factors economists have ever found to explain why countries are rich or poor.
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So, if we understand trust,
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we can also understand how to alleviate poverty.
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Figuring out how to increase trust among people is key for many things.
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So, having said that, how do we measure trust?
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Normally, when we're trying to judge whether to trust someone,
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we look at their face.
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We use a number of cues from there to decide how trustworthy the person is.
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However, the problem is that it is very hard to control these kind of cues in a laboratory setting.
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So we had to figure out a different way of measuring trust in a laboratory setting.
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We began by thinking about what trust is.
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In essence, if we trust someone,
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there is a risk that they could misuse our trust and hurt us or take advantage of us.
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So trust is conditional.
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It says that in certain situations with certain people,
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we are willing to open ourselves to the possibility of being hurt.
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Because trust doesn't happen all the time,
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we thought that there must be something measurable that happens inside the body when we choose to trust, something biological.
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We started looking at research done on animals
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and found that a brain chemical called oxytocin is released when there is interaction with another one of their species.
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For example, when animals see their offspring or their mate,
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oxytocin is released and makes them more cooperative and trusting.
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Based on this, we thought oxytocin would be a good way to measure human trust.
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We used an experiment first invented by Vernon Smith,
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a Nobel Prize winner in economics in 2002.
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In this experiment, the participants are put in different rooms and can't communicate with each other before or after the experiment.
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For our purposes today, we will call the participants Peter and Sue.
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In the experiment, Peter can signal that he trusts Sue by sending her some money.
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The experiment then looks to see whether Sue sends any money back to Peter.
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Before the task begins, both participants are clearly told that Sue has no obligation to send any money back.
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According to John Nash, another Nobel Prize winner,
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Sue shouldn't return anything because it's always better to have more money.
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So, based on this theory,
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Peter should have the expectation that Sue wouldn't send anything back.
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Therefore, Peter shouldn't trust Sue and should send no money.
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However, in our experiment, more than 80% of the first participants,
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like Peter, chose to send money.
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And most second participants, like Sue, then sent some back.
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In addition, when the first participant sent the money voluntarily,
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the oxytocin levels in the second participant were higher than when the first participant was told how much to send.
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And when the money was sent voluntarily,
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the second participant sent much more money back.
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So, how do we interpret this data?
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First of all, it seems very clear that oxytocin is released when someone trusts us and we respond with more cooperation.
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So, I think of oxytocin as this sort of social glue that makes us care about strangers,
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at least temporarily.
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and allows us to do things like trust others,
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work together, and open doors for one another,
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even though we'll never see each other again.
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It therefore appears that...
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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このレッスンについて
このレッスンでは、経済学と信頼の関連性についての講義が紹介されます。通例、見知らぬ人とのインタラクションでは信頼を持つかどうかの判断を必要とします。この学習を通して、信頼することが経済活動における重要な要素である理由や、それが国の豊かさにどのように影響するかを理解することができます。また、信頼の測定方法やその生物学的な側面についても探求します。
重要な語彙とフレーズ
- 信頼 (Trust)
- 経済学 (Economics)
- 条件的 (Conditional)
- オキシトシン (Oxytocin)
- 協力的 (Cooperative)
- 実験 (Experiment)
- 参加者 (Participants)
- リスク (Risk)
練習のコツ
このビデオのスピードとトーンに合わせて英語シャドーイングを行うことは非常に効果的です。特に、経済学という専門的な内容に触れる際には、用語やフレーズの発音に注意して練習することが重要です。具体的な手順としては、まずビデオの内容を数回観ながら、スクリプトを参照することから始めましょう。その後、ビデオの音声に合わせて声に出してみてください。音声と声を重ねることで、英語の発音を良くすることができます。
さらに、shadow speechやshadow speakを活用して、他の参加者の反応を模倣することで、信頼やリスクについての会話の構造を理解する助けになります。リズムやイントネーションを忠実に再現することで、より流暢な発音が身につきます。YouTubeで英語学習する際、このようなシャドーイング技法を積極的に取り入れることで、すぐに結果が現れることでしょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。