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All right, well, hello everybody and welcome.

Hey now, I got Elon and Ian Dahl with our Starlink team, figured we'd check in.

It's been a typical SpaceX year.

Launched a brand new vehicle, acquired XAI, now SpaceX AI, announced a terror-sized chip building project.

And so… Yeah, never a dull moment.

Yeah, never a dull moment, typical year.

And so let's kind of wanted to connect some of the dots and how this all feeds into making life multi-planetary, starting to climb up the Kardashev scale,

maybe show off some cool new AI stat stuff.

Let's kind of start galaxy-sized and bring people in with the Kardashev scale.

What's the big picture?

What is the Kardashev scale?

How do you decide what progress the civilization has made that's the most objective metric that any alien species,

say, visiting us, would calibrate how much progress we've made as a civilization.

And one of the most subjective ways to do

that is the amount of power that any given civilization has been able to harness.

And there was a Russian physicist, actually, by the name of Khodeshev, who thought about this and I think it's a good way to characterize it,

which is you can have,

you can assess how well a civilization is harnessing the power available on the planet.

That's type one.

And then type two would be how much of the star's power are you harnessing.

And then type three would be how much of the galaxy's power are you harnessing.

These are very objective and measurable numbers.

So right now we're very low on the Kodeshev 1 scale.

If you say, what proportion of our planet's power are we harnessing?

It's a very, very tiny number.

And basically we're harnessing almost nothing of our star's power power.

So the Sun is truly an immense thing.

It is difficult with words to characterize just how immense the Sun is, but this gives you sort of a sense of scale.

Yeah, it's a big difficulty jump going from level 1 to level 2.

Very big difficulty jump, yes.

And level 3, and we don't even know how to do level 3, really.

We'll get there.

Yeah, yeah, exactly.

AI will figure it out.

One way to appreciate the size of the Sun is to

think about how heavy is the Sun compared to all the rest of the mass in the solar system.

So the Sun is about 99.86% of all mass in the solar system.

It's everything and then off the remaining 0.14%, most of that is Jupiter, one planet.

So we're still lightweight.

Yes.

The entire mass of Earth is in the tiny miscellaneous category.

Earth is a tiny dust moat compared to the sun.

But how much energy are we talking, like, coming from the sun, especially compared to what we're using here on Earth?

Because it feels like...

Yeah.

The incident solar energy on the cross-section of the Earth is roughly a half-billionth of the sun's power output.

And the vast majority of that we cannot use because 70% of Earth is water.

Technically our planet should be called water because it is 70% water

and I think an alien civilization visiting us would be like, why are they calling it Earth when it is mostly water?

We're the Greenlands not green of the solar system.

Yeah.

A bunch of the...

Exactly.

Even we're 70% water and often 30% that's land.

A bunch of it is Antarctica or Siberia type of thing.

Very northern Canada type of thing.

Very difficult to, not places people typically want to live

and you're not going to get a lot of solar power at the poles.

So the actual usable area of land where you can get solar power is quite small.

Anyway, in order to ascend the Karnashev scale, in order to get to any meaningful percentage of the sun's energy harnessed,

you have to go to space.

if you want to get to say a millionth of the

power output of the Sun you would have to increase civilizational energy harness by much more than a million

so we currently use much less than a trillionth of the power output of the Sun

and a trillion is a million times a million so

so basically this we're basically practically nowhere on the sort of the Kardashev to scale practically nowhere

so in Kardashev scale we're all still we're not register

and we're like not a we're not even yeah we're

so we're not we're not registering not even a micro soul yeah we're no and

so to actually my crystal would be an epic epic achievement

relative to where we are right now something to aspire to yeah Yeah, that's our goal.

And like, this is, I think, both simultaneously an incredibly adventurous goal relative to where we are,

and yet not particularly adventurous as a percentage of the sun's

energy to try to achieve power harness being one millionth of what the sun outputs.

And so to actually start...

A microsol.

To actually start getting there, though, we're not just going to throw solar arrays in space, try to soak up a bunch of the sun, like there has to be a need.

Like you want to go up there and do something meaningful.

And obviously until this point in human history, like there hasn't really been a need.

What has changed to make us think

that like maybe now's the time to start trying to notch a percentage point or two?

I mean, getting to a percent of the sun's energy?

Maybe not a percent.

Let's go like, we'll move the decimal point back.

So you're an extremely kick-ass civilization if you get to 1% of the size of energy.

And I'm like, wow, that civilization is going to be vastly more powerful than us, to say the least.

So in order to start to make some progress on the Kodachev scale,

we need to launch satellites to orbit Earth and capture solar power

and that avoids the need to build massive power plants on Earth

and deal with cooling because cooling is actually much easier in space than it is on Earth.

You can just radiate to the vacuum.

And so what we're proposing here

and what we intend to do is to try to climb the Kardashev scale to be kind of like a respectable civilization.

So when the aliens, hopefully there are aliens out there, and they maybe finally decide to talk to us,

you know, we have some respectable amount of the sun's energy being used.

Yeah.

That's not like totally pathetic, which is the current situation.

And so before we start sending data centers, sending all this to space,

100

there are some limiting factors that we got to get there that would traditionally make it so like this is almost impossible.

101

Yeah.

102

What does it take to scale?

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Yeah.

104

So things it takes to scale are you need to have a large mass to orbit capability, which is what Starship will give us give us, that large mast.

105

So you ultimately need to send millions of tons to orbit and beyond.

106

And you need the power associated with that.

107

So if you want to put 100 gigawatts or ultimately a terawatt into space from Earth, you will at some point need a terawatt of solar.

108

And then you're going to need a terawatt of AI chips.

109

So the three things you need are mast orbit, a lot of solar power, and radiators, of course, and a lot of ships.

110

All right.

111

Well, let's start ticking down the list.

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So, mass orbit, that's where Starship comes in.

113

Yeah.

114

We just had first flight V3.

115

It was awesome.

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I know you were there.

117

It was crazy to see that rocket launch.

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Yeah.

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And, like, long time coming.

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What's Starship's kind of purpose of being?

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What is it going to be doing?

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Yeah, so Starship is going to revolutionize space, really.

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It's the first rocket design that is capable of full and rapid reusability.

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Now, reusability is the fundamental breakthrough that is necessary to make life multi-planetary, as well as to ascend the Kardashev scale.

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You simply cannot ascend the Kardashev scale unless you have a reusable spacecraft and you cannot extend life to the moon,

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to Mars, and the rest of the solar system without a reusable rocket.

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The cost is simply prohibitive.

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You can't make enough rockets unless you can refly them.

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Just like any other mode of transport, you can imagine that if we had to throw away airplanes every time we flew, flying would be far too expensive and basically no one would be flying airplanes.

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You'd be doing a whole lot more driving, rapid reusability.

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Yes.

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Yes.

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Every mode of transport is reusable, without which it is simply not viable as a transport system.

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So cars, planes, boats, horses, bicycles are all obviously reusable.

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With rockets, it's much harder to make a rocket reusable because Earth has a deep gravity well and a thick atmosphere.

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And these make it just barely possible to achieve reusability with a rocket.

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And there have been many prior attempts to create a fully reusable rocket.

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And most of those attempts have been abandoned partway through because they didn't think they could succeed.

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In order to achieve full reusability, everything's got to be perfect.

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The engines, the structure, the avionics, the choice of propellant.

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You've got to go to extreme measures for mass optimization, which is why we have the tower catch the rocket instead of putting on landing legs, which are heavy.

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The rocket can simply be caught by the tower.

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And we haven't achieved full reusability yet, but we do expect to achieve that.

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Hopefully later this year with Starship, and then you've got to achieve full reusability.

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And if you're going to go a step beyond that, which is make it rapidly reusable, such that the rocket lands, gets caught by the tower,

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gets put back on the launch stand, and can be flown again without any refurbishment or laborious inspection, like an aircraft.

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This is incredibly difficult.

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This is the first time that there's ever been a rocket where that is possible.

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That's what makes Starship so profound.

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It also happens to be the largest flying object ever made, the heaviest flying object ever made,

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the most powerful moving object of any kind.

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Starship V3 is more than double the thrust of it, the Saturn V moon rocket.

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By version 4, we'll be pretty much three times the thrust of the Saturn V moon rocket.

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And we expect Starship to be flying more than once per hour down the road.

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One of the fun facts from Flight 12, that was actually the heaviest payload SpaceX has ever flown.

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And that's still just a fraction of what V3 can do.

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So, I mean, once we're flying massive amounts really rapidly,

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I mean, we already fly the majority of payload to space with Falcon.

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Do people even really understand what mass to orbit becomes when Starship is flying?

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It's many orders of magnitude greater than what is the case today.

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So even with Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, SpaceX delivers almost 90% of all Earth mass to orbit.

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I think somewhere between 85 and 90% right now.

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And then most of the remaining mass, I think, is launched by China.

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And then the rest of the world, including the rest of the U.S., is the remaining, I don't know, 5% to 7%.

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Now, with Starship, we'll be aiming to go from somewhere around 2,500 tons a year to orbit to millions of tons per year to orbit.

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And to do so at a pretty short period of time.

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So we think probably we can get to a million tons to orbit per year in about three years, thereabouts.

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Starship is going to take care of the master orbit limiting factor.

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Yes.

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And then power generation.

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So first, and Ian, maybe you can help.

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People probably struggle to visualize a little bit

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when you say like data center in space like we're not going to slap engines on a building

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and fly it up there.

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Like these actually look like pretty different.

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And so kind of walk through how you take something that's in a giant building on the ground

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and turn it into something that's functional in space.

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Yeah, I think it's it's pretty interesting.

179

A lot of people don't actually know what what the inside of a data center even looks like, right?

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Yeah.

181

And it's something like mythical place where the Internet's in the cloud or something.

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Yeah.

183

Some people envision wires, some people envision boxes, but effectively it comes down to a set number of chips

184

and the things that we need to launch into space are actually quite small when we look at it.

185

The more challenging part is figuring out how do you get the power for it?

186

And that's where a lot of what we've worked on for existing like Starwing technology, the solar arrays,

187

are what we want to utilize that expertise to be able to build a satellite

188

that can actually launch the critical components of the data center into space itself.

189

We like to look at this and say, what is the actual engineering problem here?

190

And it's really a combination of delivering power

191

and then taking the waste heat and energy away and sending it into the vacuum of space, as you mentioned.

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Yeah.

193

The AI satellite is actually much simpler than a Starlink satellite.

194

A satellite satellite has gigantic phased-ray antennas.

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It's got parabolic antennas.

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It's got a lot of laser links.

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It's much more complicated than an AI satellite.

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An AI satellite is essentially a lot of solar cells, a radiator, and you still need some laser links,

199

but you don't have all of the super complex antennas that you have on a Starlink satellite.

200

So, I mean, given the two, the easier one to design for is the AI satellite.

201

Yeah.

202

It's just a little bit bigger.

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It's bigger.

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Just makes stuff bigger.

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Yeah.

206

I was like, so we've got, this is our AI-1, if you guys want to walk us through.

207

Yeah.

208

So the first thing that we're really looking at here is like, first you've got to make something compelling, right?

209

And we thought that the right place to start is around the 150 kilowatt peak power level.

210

But as we look at the workloads with our experience with XAI, we get to actually see that we can also support about 120 kilowatts of average compute.

211

There's a difference.

212

What we're showing here is kind of a draft version of the SpaceX AI satellite.

213

The AI-1, I guess you could call it.

214

And it seems like a reasonable place to start is 150 kilowatts peak power, 120 kilowatts sustained power.

215

And to give you a sense of what does that actually look like in terms of the size of the radiators, size of the solar panels,

216

the assumptions here are 250 watts per square meter for the solar array

217

and about 1,400 watts per square meter for the radiators.

218

So the radiators, these are double-sided.

219

Radiators are radiating both sides.

220

they're oriented knife edge to the Sun and and

221

and it's 1400 watts per square meter is a very achievable

222

goal over time we think we can probably do above 250 watts per square meter

223

and above 1400 watts per square meter for the solar panels radiators respectively

224

but this gives you like a a prison is pretty much

225

what the satellites gonna look like yeah it's a lot of solar panels

226

radiator and then everything else is pretty small like embarrassing

227

and these are like evolutions of of things

228

that we have actually already launched in in in our starlink

229

constellation to date yeah that's that's really i think the cool part to me is

230

that we're we're looking at solar technology

231

that we already are are going to use on on the v3 uh starlink vehicle

232

so uh i'm like really excited to then just take those

233

and make it bigger yeah part of what we want what we want to convey here is

234

that there's not some magic that's necessary that doesn't exist for the AI satellites.

235

As Ian said, a lot of this is technology we've already made for the Starlink B3 satellites.

236

So we don't think this is a super hard problem compared to things we already do.

237

There would also be probably something on the order of a terabit of laser-linked connectivity from the satellite.

238

The 150 kilowatt peak power level roughly matches what, say, an NVIDIA GV300 rack would do.

239

So if you've got a GV300 with 72 GPUs, its peak power I think is around 140 kilowatts.

240

But it's rarely, it's almost impossible to get it to be at that peak power.

241

A more reasonable operating envelope would be around 120 kilowatts average power.

242

But it can peak up to 150.

243

So it's basically, think of it as a rack of compute in space.

244

And then you can connect these racks of compute to either each other by the laser links

245

or directly to the Starlink constellation.

246

So you can close the link with the Starlink constellation

247

and then Starlink can then send that data to the ground using the existing KA and KU antennas on the vehicle.

248

It also has laser links to the ground as well.

249

And this would not be at a particularly high latency.

250

We're talking about maybe being around 600 to 800 kilometers above the Earth,

251

and light travels 300 kilometers per millisecond.

252

So that's about three milliseconds away, basically.

253

It's not very far.

254

We won't worry about that too much, though.

255

Sometimes people think there's going to be some high latency.

256

I'm like, no, lightning moves pretty fast.

257

Lightning moves pretty fast, the tall one.

258

I think the cool thing also is the radiators themselves are

259

about the same size as the existing solar rays for the V3 vehicle, kind of in that realm where we're flying today.

260

Yeah.

261

So, I mean, they got about a 70-meter wingspan, so these are fairly large.

262

We're talking about building a lot of them and putting them up there.

263

But you like to say, like, space is in the name.

264

Like, there's a lot of space up there.

265

And so even when you're talking thousands or even, you know, up to a million satellites, you got plenty of room to move around up there.

266

Yeah, space is really big.

267

So it's not like space is going to get crowded.

268

space is enormous.

269

Like if you zoom in close to the satellite, it looks big.

270

But if you actually look at it relative to the Earth, the satellites are so tiny you can't even see them.

271

So they're very, very tiny compared to Earth.

272

And I mean, we have about 10,000 starlings in orbit right now.

273

We've got a pretty good idea of how to operate just really large constellations and do it safely now, right?

274

We are the only operator that has any experience of that scale.

275

It's a great thing that we have this background, so we know how tightly we can pack the satellites and fly them safely.

276

That's a number one goal when we look at the constellation.

277

We're gonna be building a lot of satellites and we're gonna be building them here in Bastrop, right?

278

So we've got this, which, So we're in that building kind of in the middle, which...

279

Yeah, we're sitting in that building right now.

280

This is my first time here.

281

The building is massive.

282

Like, you come around the corner, you see it through the trees, and you're like, oh, wow.

283

But we're about to kind of put this building to shame, aren't we?

284

Yes, we're going to...

285

In fact, we already have the solar manufacturing facility.

286

It's under construction already.

287

and then we will be building out the AI sat production building soon.

288

And yeah, so we expect to have the AI sat production,

289

the solar production, and all of that operating at some reasonable volume by the end of next year.

290

So if anybody wants to work on AI satellites, this is kind of going to become the hub of that.

291

We're also, so I mean like right behind us, machines are humming, we're still making all of our user terminals for Starlink here.

292

That's not going anywhere.

293

In fact, we're turning on new production lines for new units, right?

294

Yes.

295

In fact, these are the new Starlink terminals, which we've made in much higher volume than the current terminals.

296

Ultimately, we think there's probably going to be a few hundred million Starlink terminals out there

297

and then our the Starlink direct-to-cell constellation will

298

connect directly to people's cell phones and enable high bandwidth communication directly from your phone to space.

299

All right we're two limiting factors down we've got master orbit, we've got putting solar and the third one's chips.

300

Yes so at least in the beginning we can obviously launch the chips that are already being made.

301

So our current reference design is for NVIDIA Rubin chips,

302

or it could be either GB300 or Rubin chips.

303

And we'll also have a reference design for TPUs.

304

And essentially, you can put any existing chips into Orbit.

305

But the current industry seems to be...

306

It seems like it's going to get to maybe around 100 gigawatts a year of AI compute,

307

but that doesn't answer the question of, well, how do you get to a terawatt?

308

That's why you need the TeraFap.

309

Always looking a step bigger.

310

Yeah.

311

Yeah.

312

In order to get to the next order of magnitude, you need a gigantic ship factory.

313

And to give you a sense of scale here, we expect that the TerraFab is going to be around 100 million square feet,

314

which is 10 times the size of the Tesla Gigafactory Texas.

315

And what aside from just, you know, I'm going to need Starship point to point to get from one end to the other, aside from just the size, what's going to make this unique,

316

different from any other chip building operation on the planet?

317

Well, I think over time, there's going to be a lot of technology evolution with the TerraFab.

318

But fundamentally, it's about scale.

319

So even if there were no fundamental technology breakthroughs,

320

and you could simply scale the existing chip-making technology with a lot of difficulty to a terawatt of chip output per year.

321

If you look at it just from the logic DAI standpoint,

322

that's like having a billion chips per year with a kilowatt per radical.

323

a billion full radical equivalent chips, each doing a kilowatt, and then you're going to need a lot of memory to go with that.

324

A lot of people today even think orbital data centers were like a decade away.

325

Yeah, I think we want to try to give people a sense of the time frame.

326

At least the time frame we're aiming for.

327

I mean, people should take this with a grain of salt to some degree, because this is just our best guess.

328

So this is not a promise of what we'll do.

329

This is what we are going to try to do and think we probably can do,

330

which is to get to roughly an annualized rate of a

331

gigawatt per year by the end of next year in terms of space AI compute.

332

And then aspirationally scale that by an order of magnitude per year.

333

So in two and a half years, hitting an annualized rate of 10 gigawatts a year to space, in three and a half years, maybe 100 gigawatts.

334

And then depending upon what progress there is in chip making in the rest of the world and with the TerraFab,

335

going beyond that to scale to a terawatt per year, which is 1,000 gigawatts.

336

That's twice the current electricity consumption of the United States.

337

I think there will be an appetite for that, but we'll see.

338

It's a lot of satellites.

339

I don't know what I'm just going to think about, but maybe do a lot of simulations or something.

340

So after we've, you know, worked through all the limiting factors, we've kind of topped out what we can do on Earth,

341

what is the next step to, again, try and actually notch maybe some percentage points towards becoming Kardashev Level 2?

342

Why stop there?

343

Why think small?

344

because a terawatt actually is very small.

345

I don't want you to think small.

346

That's not a thing small.

347

So there is, in order to get to another three orders of magnitude, to 1,000x from a terawatt per year,

348

the only way that we can really see that you can achieve that is on the moon with a mass driver,

349

essentially where you do local production of photovoltaics and radiators on the moon.

350

maybe you bring the chips from Earth or you could conceivably make the chips on the Moon.

351

But you need most of the mass to be made on the Moon

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so you don't have to transport it to the Moon from Earth.

353

And then because the Moon has no atmosphere and only one-sixth Earth's gravity,

354

you can accelerate the AI satellites into deep space without a rocket.

355

So you can basically shoot them into space using an electromagnetic gun, like a railgun type.

356

I mean, it's basically a linear electric motor is the way to think about it.

357

That's the thing we can show people.

358

The End

359

I'm sorry.

360

I'm sorry.

361

I mean, if that doesn't get you excited for the future, I don't really know what will.

362

I'm fired up to see a mass driver on the moon.

363

That would be very cool.

364

Yeah.

365

Sci-fi future.

366

Yeah.

367

Yeah.

368

It would also mean that if we're bringing that amount of mass to the moon, it would mean that anyone who wants to go to the moon will be able to go to the moon.

369

And I think that would be pretty cool.

370

Yeah.

371

I'm going to be jumping first in line to get up there.

372

Yeah, I mean, everyone should go to the moon at least once, I think.

373

Just once.

374

Yeah.

375

You can move there if you want.

376

Go live on the moon.

377

We'll see.

378

Thanks, guys, for chatting with me for a little bit.

379

All right.

380

Excited to see a whole new kind of satellite, a whole bunch more Starship launches, more chips, more solar, more everything.

381

It's a big future, but I'm excited to see everybody at this company go out and build.

382

All right.

383

Sounds good.

384

It's exciting.

385

Thanks, guys.

386

Bye.

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15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:

الكلمة	النطق	المعنى
satellite اسم	/ˈsætəlaɪ̯t/	قَمَر, تَابِع
rocket اسم	/ˈɹɑk.ɪt/	صَارُوخ, قَذِيفَة
orbit اسم	/ˈɔɹ.bɪt/	مَدَار, فَلَك
civilization اسم	/ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/	حَضَارَة, تَمَدُّن
metre اسم	/ˈmiːtəɹ/	مِتْر
laser اسم	/ˈleɪzɚ/	لَيْزِر
watt اسم	/wɑt/	وَاط
percentage اسم	/pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/	النِّسْبَة الْمِئَوِيَّة
output اسم	/ˈaʊtpʊt/	مُخرَج
ton اسم	/tʌn/	طُن
antenna اسم	/ænˈtɛn.ə/	قَرْن اِسْتِشْعَار, زُبَانَى
relative اسم	/ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/	قَرِيب, قَرِيبَة
connect فعل	/kəˈnɛkt/	رَبَطَ
difficulty اسم	/ˈdɪfɪkəlti/	صُعُوبَة
atmosphere اسم	/ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/	جَو, غِلَاف جَوِّيّ

الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها

الكلمة	المعنى
get up فعل	قَامَ, نَهَضَ
go out فعل	خَرَجَ
go up فعل	صَعِدَ, يَصْعَدُ
show off فعل	تَفَاخَر, تَبَاهَى
throw away فعل	طَرَحَ

القواعد في هذا الفيديو

أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:

التركيب	في الفيديو
المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن	has made · we've made · has been
المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله	should be called · have been abandoned · be caught
جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء	pathetic, which is · capability, which is · optimization, which is

نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه

يستخدم المتحدث 104 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل we're, we've, I'm. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.

أصوات “th”: thrust /θɹʌst/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, thick /θɪk/, sixth /sɪksθ/, pathetic /pəˈθɛtɪk/
أصوات “sh” و“zh”: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, consumption /kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/
الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/

كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو

استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل satellite, rocket, orbit.

ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.

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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس

أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو

الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها

القواعد في هذا الفيديو

نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه

كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو

ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

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