Практика Shadowing: 實戰練英文 | SpaceX 憑什麼成為史上最大 IPO ？AI 上太空的困難點都能解決嗎？馬斯克的計劃是畫餅還是老神在在？專訪 Elon Musk 詳細說明｜完整中英對照、長文註解 - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
1
All right, well, hello everybody and welcome.
2
Hey now, I got Elon and Ian Dahl with our Starlink team, figured we'd check in.
3
It's been a typical SpaceX year.
4
Launched a brand new vehicle, acquired XAI, now SpaceX AI, announced a terror-sized chip building project.
5
And so… Yeah, never a dull moment.
6
Yeah, never a dull moment, typical year.
7
And so let's kind of wanted to connect some of the dots and how this all feeds into making life multi-planetary, starting to climb up the Kardashev scale,
8
maybe show off some cool new AI stat stuff.
9
Let's kind of start galaxy-sized and bring people in with the Kardashev scale.
10
What's the big picture?
11
What's the big picture?
12
What is the Kardashev scale?
13
How do you decide what progress the civilization has made that's the most objective metric that any alien species,
14
say, visiting us, would calibrate how much progress we've made as a civilization.
15
And one of the most subjective ways to do
16
that is the amount of power that any given civilization has been able to harness.
17
And there was a Russian physicist, actually, by the name of Khodeshev, who thought about this and I think it's a good way to characterize it,
18
which is you can have,
19
you can assess how well a civilization is harnessing the power available on the planet.
20
That's type one.
21
And then type two would be how much of the star's power are you harnessing.
22
And then type three would be how much of the galaxy's power are you harnessing.
23
These are very objective and measurable numbers.
24
So right now we're very low on the Kodeshev 1 scale.
25
If you say, what proportion of our planet's power are we harnessing?
26
It's a very, very tiny number.
27
And basically we're harnessing almost nothing of our star's power power.
28
So the Sun is truly an immense thing.
29
It is difficult with words to characterize just how immense the Sun is, but this gives you sort of a sense of scale.
30
Yeah, it's a big difficulty jump going from level 1 to level 2.
31
Very big difficulty jump, yes.
32
And level 3, and we don't even know how to do level 3, really.
33
We'll get there.
34
Yeah, yeah, exactly.
35
AI will figure it out.
36
One way to appreciate the size of the Sun is to
37
think about how heavy is the Sun compared to all the rest of the mass in the solar system.
38
So the Sun is about 99.86% of all mass in the solar system.
39
It's everything and then off the remaining 0.14%, most of that is Jupiter, one planet.
40
So we're still lightweight.
41
Yes.
42
The entire mass of Earth is in the tiny miscellaneous category.
43
Earth is a tiny dust moat compared to the sun.
44
But how much energy are we talking, like, coming from the sun, especially compared to what we're using here on Earth?
45
Because it feels like...
46
Yeah.
47
The incident solar energy on the cross-section of the Earth is roughly a half-billionth of the sun's power output.
48
And the vast majority of that we cannot use because 70% of Earth is water.
49
Technically our planet should be called water because it is 70% water
50
and I think an alien civilization visiting us would be like, why are they calling it Earth when it is mostly water?
51
We're the Greenlands not green of the solar system.
52
Yeah.
53
A bunch of the...
54
Exactly.
55
Even we're 70% water and often 30% that's land.
56
A bunch of it is Antarctica or Siberia type of thing.
57
Very northern Canada type of thing.
58
Very difficult to, not places people typically want to live
59
and you're not going to get a lot of solar power at the poles.
60
So the actual usable area of land where you can get solar power is quite small.
61
Anyway, in order to ascend the Karnashev scale, in order to get to any meaningful percentage of the sun's energy harnessed,
62
you have to go to space.
63
if you want to get to say a millionth of the
64
power output of the Sun you would have to increase civilizational energy harness by much more than a million
65
so we currently use much less than a trillionth of the power output of the Sun
66
and a trillion is a million times a million so
67
so basically this we're basically practically nowhere on the sort of the Kardashev to scale practically nowhere
68
so in Kardashev scale we're all still we're not register
69
and we're like not a we're not even yeah we're
70
so we're not we're not registering not even a micro soul yeah we're no and
71
so to actually my crystal would be an epic epic achievement
72
relative to where we are right now something to aspire to yeah Yeah, that's our goal.
73
And like, this is, I think, both simultaneously an incredibly adventurous goal relative to where we are,
74
and yet not particularly adventurous as a percentage of the sun's
75
energy to try to achieve power harness being one millionth of what the sun outputs.
76
And so to actually start...
77
A microsol.
78
To actually start getting there, though, we're not just going to throw solar arrays in space, try to soak up a bunch of the sun, like there has to be a need.
79
Like you want to go up there and do something meaningful.
80
And obviously until this point in human history, like there hasn't really been a need.
81
What has changed to make us think
82
that like maybe now's the time to start trying to notch a percentage point or two?
83
I mean, getting to a percent of the sun's energy?
84
Maybe not a percent.
85
Let's go like, we'll move the decimal point back.
86
So you're an extremely kick-ass civilization if you get to 1% of the size of energy.
87
And I'm like, wow, that civilization is going to be vastly more powerful than us, to say the least.
88
So in order to start to make some progress on the Kodachev scale,
89
we need to launch satellites to orbit Earth and capture solar power
90
and that avoids the need to build massive power plants on Earth
91
and deal with cooling because cooling is actually much easier in space than it is on Earth.
92
You can just radiate to the vacuum.
93
And so what we're proposing here
94
and what we intend to do is to try to climb the Kardashev scale to be kind of like a respectable civilization.
95
So when the aliens, hopefully there are aliens out there, and they maybe finally decide to talk to us,
96
you know, we have some respectable amount of the sun's energy being used.
97
Yeah.
98
That's not like totally pathetic, which is the current situation.
99
And so before we start sending data centers, sending all this to space,
100
there are some limiting factors that we got to get there that would traditionally make it so like this is almost impossible.
101
Yeah.
102
What does it take to scale?
103
Yeah.
104
So things it takes to scale are you need to have a large mass to orbit capability, which is what Starship will give us give us, that large mast.
105
So you ultimately need to send millions of tons to orbit and beyond.
106
And you need the power associated with that.
107
So if you want to put 100 gigawatts or ultimately a terawatt into space from Earth, you will at some point need a terawatt of solar.
108
And then you're going to need a terawatt of AI chips.
109
So the three things you need are mast orbit, a lot of solar power, and radiators, of course, and a lot of ships.
110
All right.
111
Well, let's start ticking down the list.
112
So, mass orbit, that's where Starship comes in.
113
Yeah.
114
We just had first flight V3.
115
It was awesome.
116
I know you were there.
117
It was crazy to see that rocket launch.
118
Yeah.
119
And, like, long time coming.
120
What's Starship's kind of purpose of being?
121
What is it going to be doing?
122
Yeah, so Starship is going to revolutionize space, really.
123
It's the first rocket design that is capable of full and rapid reusability.
124
Now, reusability is the fundamental breakthrough that is necessary to make life multi-planetary, as well as to ascend the Kardashev scale.
125
You simply cannot ascend the Kardashev scale unless you have a reusable spacecraft and you cannot extend life to the moon,
126
to Mars, and the rest of the solar system without a reusable rocket.
127
The cost is simply prohibitive.
128
You can't make enough rockets unless you can refly them.
129
Just like any other mode of transport, you can imagine that if we had to throw away airplanes every time we flew, flying would be far too expensive and basically no one would be flying airplanes.
130
You'd be doing a whole lot more driving, rapid reusability.
131
Yes.
132
Yes.
133
Every mode of transport is reusable, without which it is simply not viable as a transport system.
134
So cars, planes, boats, horses, bicycles are all obviously reusable.
135
With rockets, it's much harder to make a rocket reusable because Earth has a deep gravity well and a thick atmosphere.
136
And these make it just barely possible to achieve reusability with a rocket.
137
And there have been many prior attempts to create a fully reusable rocket.
138
And most of those attempts have been abandoned partway through because they didn't think they could succeed.
139
In order to achieve full reusability, everything's got to be perfect.
140
The engines, the structure, the avionics, the choice of propellant.
141
You've got to go to extreme measures for mass optimization, which is why we have the tower catch the rocket instead of putting on landing legs, which are heavy.
142
The rocket can simply be caught by the tower.
143
And we haven't achieved full reusability yet, but we do expect to achieve that.
144
Hopefully later this year with Starship, and then you've got to achieve full reusability.
145
And if you're going to go a step beyond that, which is make it rapidly reusable, such that the rocket lands, gets caught by the tower,
146
gets put back on the launch stand, and can be flown again without any refurbishment or laborious inspection, like an aircraft.
147
This is incredibly difficult.
148
This is the first time that there's ever been a rocket where that is possible.
149
That's what makes Starship so profound.
150
It also happens to be the largest flying object ever made, the heaviest flying object ever made,
151
the most powerful moving object of any kind.
152
Starship V3 is more than double the thrust of it, the Saturn V moon rocket.
153
By version 4, we'll be pretty much three times the thrust of the Saturn V moon rocket.
154
And we expect Starship to be flying more than once per hour down the road.
155
One of the fun facts from Flight 12, that was actually the heaviest payload SpaceX has ever flown.
156
And that's still just a fraction of what V3 can do.
157
So, I mean, once we're flying massive amounts really rapidly,
158
I mean, we already fly the majority of payload to space with Falcon.
159
Do people even really understand what mass to orbit becomes when Starship is flying?
160
It's many orders of magnitude greater than what is the case today.
161
So even with Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, SpaceX delivers almost 90% of all Earth mass to orbit.
162
I think somewhere between 85 and 90% right now.
163
And then most of the remaining mass, I think, is launched by China.
164
And then the rest of the world, including the rest of the U.S., is the remaining, I don't know, 5% to 7%.
165
Now, with Starship, we'll be aiming to go from somewhere around 2,500 tons a year to orbit to millions of tons per year to orbit.
166
And to do so at a pretty short period of time.
167
So we think probably we can get to a million tons to orbit per year in about three years, thereabouts.
168
Starship is going to take care of the master orbit limiting factor.
169
Yes.
170
And then power generation.
171
So first, and Ian, maybe you can help.
172
People probably struggle to visualize a little bit
173
when you say like data center in space like we're not going to slap engines on a building
174
and fly it up there.
175
Like these actually look like pretty different.
176
And so kind of walk through how you take something that's in a giant building on the ground
177
and turn it into something that's functional in space.
178
Yeah, I think it's it's pretty interesting.
179
A lot of people don't actually know what what the inside of a data center even looks like, right?
180
Yeah.
181
And it's something like mythical place where the Internet's in the cloud or something.
182
Yeah.
183
Some people envision wires, some people envision boxes, but effectively it comes down to a set number of chips
184
and the things that we need to launch into space are actually quite small when we look at it.
185
The more challenging part is figuring out how do you get the power for it?
186
And that's where a lot of what we've worked on for existing like Starwing technology, the solar arrays,
187
are what we want to utilize that expertise to be able to build a satellite
188
that can actually launch the critical components of the data center into space itself.
189
We like to look at this and say, what is the actual engineering problem here?
190
And it's really a combination of delivering power
191
and then taking the waste heat and energy away and sending it into the vacuum of space, as you mentioned.
192
Yeah.
193
The AI satellite is actually much simpler than a Starlink satellite.
194
A satellite satellite has gigantic phased-ray antennas.
195
It's got parabolic antennas.
196
It's got a lot of laser links.
197
It's much more complicated than an AI satellite.
198
An AI satellite is essentially a lot of solar cells, a radiator, and you still need some laser links,
199
but you don't have all of the super complex antennas that you have on a Starlink satellite.
200
So, I mean, given the two, the easier one to design for is the AI satellite.
201
Yeah.
202
It's just a little bit bigger.
203
It's bigger.
204
Just makes stuff bigger.
205
Yeah.
206
I was like, so we've got, this is our AI-1, if you guys want to walk us through.
207
Yeah.
208
So the first thing that we're really looking at here is like, first you've got to make something compelling, right?
209
And we thought that the right place to start is around the 150 kilowatt peak power level.
210
But as we look at the workloads with our experience with XAI, we get to actually see that we can also support about 120 kilowatts of average compute.
211
There's a difference.
212
What we're showing here is kind of a draft version of the SpaceX AI satellite.
213
The AI-1, I guess you could call it.
214
And it seems like a reasonable place to start is 150 kilowatts peak power, 120 kilowatts sustained power.
215
And to give you a sense of what does that actually look like in terms of the size of the radiators, size of the solar panels,
216
the assumptions here are 250 watts per square meter for the solar array
217
and about 1,400 watts per square meter for the radiators.
218
So the radiators, these are double-sided.
219
Radiators are radiating both sides.
220
they're oriented knife edge to the Sun and and
221
and it's 1400 watts per square meter is a very achievable
222
goal over time we think we can probably do above 250 watts per square meter
223
and above 1400 watts per square meter for the solar panels radiators respectively
224
but this gives you like a a prison is pretty much
225
what the satellites gonna look like yeah it's a lot of solar panels
226
radiator and then everything else is pretty small like embarrassing
227
and these are like evolutions of of things
228
that we have actually already launched in in in our starlink
229
constellation to date yeah that's that's really i think the cool part to me is
230
that we're we're looking at solar technology
231
that we already are are going to use on on the v3 uh starlink vehicle
232
so uh i'm like really excited to then just take those
233
and make it bigger yeah part of what we want what we want to convey here is
234
that there's not some magic that's necessary that doesn't exist for the AI satellites.
235
As Ian said, a lot of this is technology we've already made for the Starlink B3 satellites.
236
So we don't think this is a super hard problem compared to things we already do.
237
There would also be probably something on the order of a terabit of laser-linked connectivity from the satellite.
238
The 150 kilowatt peak power level roughly matches what, say, an NVIDIA GV300 rack would do.
239
So if you've got a GV300 with 72 GPUs, its peak power I think is around 140 kilowatts.
240
But it's rarely, it's almost impossible to get it to be at that peak power.
241
A more reasonable operating envelope would be around 120 kilowatts average power.
242
But it can peak up to 150.
243
So it's basically, think of it as a rack of compute in space.
244
And then you can connect these racks of compute to either each other by the laser links
245
or directly to the Starlink constellation.
246
So you can close the link with the Starlink constellation
247
and then Starlink can then send that data to the ground using the existing KA and KU antennas on the vehicle.
248
It also has laser links to the ground as well.
249
And this would not be at a particularly high latency.
250
We're talking about maybe being around 600 to 800 kilometers above the Earth,
251
and light travels 300 kilometers per millisecond.
252
So that's about three milliseconds away, basically.
253
It's not very far.
254
We won't worry about that too much, though.
255
Sometimes people think there's going to be some high latency.
256
I'm like, no, lightning moves pretty fast.
257
Lightning moves pretty fast, the tall one.
258
I think the cool thing also is the radiators themselves are
259
about the same size as the existing solar rays for the V3 vehicle, kind of in that realm where we're flying today.
260
Yeah.
261
So, I mean, they got about a 70-meter wingspan, so these are fairly large.
262
We're talking about building a lot of them and putting them up there.
263
But you like to say, like, space is in the name.
264
Like, there's a lot of space up there.
265
And so even when you're talking thousands or even, you know, up to a million satellites, you got plenty of room to move around up there.
266
Yeah, space is really big.
267
So it's not like space is going to get crowded.
268
space is enormous.
269
Like if you zoom in close to the satellite, it looks big.
270
But if you actually look at it relative to the Earth, the satellites are so tiny you can't even see them.
271
So they're very, very tiny compared to Earth.
272
And I mean, we have about 10,000 starlings in orbit right now.
273
We've got a pretty good idea of how to operate just really large constellations and do it safely now, right?
274
We are the only operator that has any experience of that scale.
275
It's a great thing that we have this background, so we know how tightly we can pack the satellites and fly them safely.
276
That's a number one goal when we look at the constellation.
277
We're gonna be building a lot of satellites and we're gonna be building them here in Bastrop, right?
278
So we've got this, which, So we're in that building kind of in the middle, which...
279
Yeah, we're sitting in that building right now.
280
This is my first time here.
281
The building is massive.
282
Like, you come around the corner, you see it through the trees, and you're like, oh, wow.
283
But we're about to kind of put this building to shame, aren't we?
284
Yes, we're going to...
285
In fact, we already have the solar manufacturing facility.
286
It's under construction already.
287
and then we will be building out the AI sat production building soon.
288
And yeah, so we expect to have the AI sat production,
289
the solar production, and all of that operating at some reasonable volume by the end of next year.
290
So if anybody wants to work on AI satellites, this is kind of going to become the hub of that.
291
We're also, so I mean like right behind us, machines are humming, we're still making all of our user terminals for Starlink here.
292
That's not going anywhere.
293
In fact, we're turning on new production lines for new units, right?
294
Yes.
295
In fact, these are the new Starlink terminals, which we've made in much higher volume than the current terminals.
296
Ultimately, we think there's probably going to be a few hundred million Starlink terminals out there
297
and then our the Starlink direct-to-cell constellation will
298
connect directly to people's cell phones and enable high bandwidth communication directly from your phone to space.
299
All right we're two limiting factors down we've got master orbit, we've got putting solar and the third one's chips.
300
Yes so at least in the beginning we can obviously launch the chips that are already being made.
301
So our current reference design is for NVIDIA Rubin chips,
302
or it could be either GB300 or Rubin chips.
303
And we'll also have a reference design for TPUs.
304
And essentially, you can put any existing chips into Orbit.
305
But the current industry seems to be...
306
It seems like it's going to get to maybe around 100 gigawatts a year of AI compute,
307
but that doesn't answer the question of, well, how do you get to a terawatt?
308
That's why you need the TeraFap.
309
Always looking a step bigger.
310
Yeah.
311
Yeah.
312
In order to get to the next order of magnitude, you need a gigantic ship factory.
313
And to give you a sense of scale here, we expect that the TerraFab is going to be around 100 million square feet,
314
which is 10 times the size of the Tesla Gigafactory Texas.
315
And what aside from just, you know, I'm going to need Starship point to point to get from one end to the other, aside from just the size, what's going to make this unique,
316
different from any other chip building operation on the planet?
317
Well, I think over time, there's going to be a lot of technology evolution with the TerraFab.
318
But fundamentally, it's about scale.
319
So even if there were no fundamental technology breakthroughs,
320
and you could simply scale the existing chip-making technology with a lot of difficulty to a terawatt of chip output per year.
321
If you look at it just from the logic DAI standpoint,
322
that's like having a billion chips per year with a kilowatt per radical.
323
a billion full radical equivalent chips, each doing a kilowatt, and then you're going to need a lot of memory to go with that.
324
A lot of people today even think orbital data centers were like a decade away.
325
Yeah, I think we want to try to give people a sense of the time frame.
326
At least the time frame we're aiming for.
327
I mean, people should take this with a grain of salt to some degree, because this is just our best guess.
328
So this is not a promise of what we'll do.
329
This is what we are going to try to do and think we probably can do,
330
which is to get to roughly an annualized rate of a
331
gigawatt per year by the end of next year in terms of space AI compute.
332
And then aspirationally scale that by an order of magnitude per year.
333
So in two and a half years, hitting an annualized rate of 10 gigawatts a year to space, in three and a half years, maybe 100 gigawatts.
334
And then depending upon what progress there is in chip making in the rest of the world and with the TerraFab,
335
going beyond that to scale to a terawatt per year, which is 1,000 gigawatts.
336
That's twice the current electricity consumption of the United States.
337
I think there will be an appetite for that, but we'll see.
338
It's a lot of satellites.
339
I don't know what I'm just going to think about, but maybe do a lot of simulations or something.
340
So after we've, you know, worked through all the limiting factors, we've kind of topped out what we can do on Earth,
341
what is the next step to, again, try and actually notch maybe some percentage points towards becoming Kardashev Level 2?
342
Why stop there?
343
Why think small?
344
because a terawatt actually is very small.
345
I don't want you to think small.
346
That's not a thing small.
347
So there is, in order to get to another three orders of magnitude, to 1,000x from a terawatt per year,
348
the only way that we can really see that you can achieve that is on the moon with a mass driver,
349
essentially where you do local production of photovoltaics and radiators on the moon.
350
maybe you bring the chips from Earth or you could conceivably make the chips on the Moon.
351
But you need most of the mass to be made on the Moon
352
so you don't have to transport it to the Moon from Earth.
353
And then because the Moon has no atmosphere and only one-sixth Earth's gravity,
354
you can accelerate the AI satellites into deep space without a rocket.
355
So you can basically shoot them into space using an electromagnetic gun, like a railgun type.
356
I mean, it's basically a linear electric motor is the way to think about it.
357
That's the thing we can show people.
358
The End
359
I'm sorry.
360
I'm sorry.
361
I mean, if that doesn't get you excited for the future, I don't really know what will.
362
I'm fired up to see a mass driver on the moon.
363
That would be very cool.
364
Yeah.
365
Sci-fi future.
366
Yeah.
367
Yeah.
368
It would also mean that if we're bringing that amount of mass to the moon, it would mean that anyone who wants to go to the moon will be able to go to the moon.
369
And I think that would be pretty cool.
370
Yeah.
371
I'm going to be jumping first in line to get up there.
372
Yeah, I mean, everyone should go to the moon at least once, I think.
373
Just once.
374
Yeah.
375
You can move there if you want.
376
Go live on the moon.
377
We'll see.
378
Thanks, guys, for chatting with me for a little bit.
379
All right.
380
Excited to see a whole new kind of satellite, a whole bunch more Starship launches, more chips, more solar, more everything.
381
It's a big future, but I'm excited to see everybody at this company go out and build.
382
All right.
383
Sounds good.
384
It's exciting.
385
Thanks, guys.
386
Bye.
📺 Тот же канал
✨ Рекомендуемое видео
C12
196 предложений
Elon Musk Explains How the AI Bubble Will Burst.
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C11
277 предложений
SpaceX Is Ready to Send Starship Into Orbit | This Week in Spaceflight
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C19
92 предложений
What Do Alien Civilizations Look Like? The Kardashev Scale
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
40 предложений
Introducing GPT-6 Astra for developers
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
181 предложений
Inside The World’s Biggest Military Plane
TOEFL PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C13
260 предложений
【TED】優れたリーダーはどうやって行動を促すか/サイモン・シネック （日本語字幕）
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
246 предложений
You Are Alive to Watch the Space Station Fall From the Sky
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
90 предложений
How to Move the Sun: Stellar Engines
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B24
21 предложений
경쟁자는 누구인가요? 2007년 일론 머스크의 대답
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
402 предложений
FULL DISCUSSION: Google's Demis Hassabis, Anthropic's Dario Amodei Debate the World After AGI | AI1G
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C11
394 предложений
Chip War 2.0: The Global Battle for Semiconductor Supremacy│Chris Miller (The Author of “Chip War")
IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
B21
321 предложений
How One of NYC’s Fastest-Growing Startups Scaled to $5 Billion
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
В этом видео 386 предложений и 4450 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 31:18. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 142 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. 83% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| satellite существительное | /ˈsætəlaɪ̯t/ | сателли́т, спу́тник |
| chip существительное | /t͡ʃɪp/ | ще́пка, лучи́на |
| rocket существительное | /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ | раке́та |
| orbit существительное | /ˈɔɹ.bɪt/ | орби́та |
| civilization существительное | /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ | цивилиза́ция, культу́ра |
| harness глагол | /ˈhɑɹ.nəs/ | запряга́ть |
| metre существительное | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | метр |
| laser существительное | /ˈleɪzɚ/ | ла́зер |
| watt существительное | /wɑt/ | ватт |
| percentage существительное | /pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/ | проце́нт, проце́нтное отноше́ние |
| output существительное | /ˈaʊtpʊt/ | произво́дство, проду́кция |
| terminal существительное | /ˈtɚmɪnəl/ | аэровокза́л, термина́л |
| ton существительное | /tʌn/ | то́нна |
| magnitude существительное | /ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd/ | величина́, разме́р |
| antenna существительное | /ænˈtɛn.ə/ | ус, у́сик |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| come around глагол | /kʌ.məˈɹaʊnd/ | переду́мать |
| come down to глагол | спадать до | |
| figure out глагол | разбира́ться, разобра́ться | |
| get up глагол | поднима́ться, подня́ться | |
| go out глагол | выходи́ть, вы́йти | |
| go up глагол | поднима́ться, подня́ться | |
| show off глагол | рисова́ться, красова́ться | |
| think over глагол | обду́мать |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | has made · we've made · has been |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | should be called · have been abandoned · be caught |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | pathetic, which is · capability, which is · optimization, which is |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 104 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например we're, we've, I'm. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: thrust /θɹʌst/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, thick /θɪk/, sixth /sɪksθ/, pathetic /pəˈθɛtɪk/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, consumption /kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как satellite, chip, rocket.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.