تدريب Shadowing: The Map of Engineering - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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The field of engineering has a huge influence on how we live our lives.
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Pretty much everything around us has been engineered in some way, from the infrastructure that keeps countries running, roads, water, energy, to the buildings we live in,
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to the things we use every day, our devices, books, even the clothes on our backs.
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This map of engineering is my attempt to capture all of those different areas of engineering
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and try and put them all in one place so that we can get our heads around it all.
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And like all of my maps, you can buy it as a poster from dosmaps .com, as well as our Professor AstroCat books.
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We'll start with civil engineering, which I like to think of as the engineering of big stuff that doesn't move.
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Civil engineering encompasses large public works like bridges, tunnels, dams, roads, airports, railways,
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and pipelines for things like water supply and water treatment, as well as a whole host of other infrastructure that helps our countries and economies tick along.
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Generally, they're built to stay in place and last a long time.
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Civil engineering was called civil engineering in the past to distinguish it from military engineering, which are both the oldest branches of engineering.
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Early examples of civil engineering projects were related to farming and the control of water sources, but also building settlements, towns,
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cities and large vanity projects like the Great Pyramids at Giza.
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Coming back to today, arguably the largest collective engineering projects are our cities
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which involve surveying to measure and assess the land on which buildings are built,
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architectural engineering which deals with the design of buildings including the planning for their construction and operation when inhabited,
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structural engineering ensures that buildings are safe and are strong under their own weight
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and can withstand environmental effects like earthquakes or extreme weather events.
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Structural engineering doesn't just apply to buildings but any structures humans build.
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For example, it's a key part of building dams to withstand the large pressure of water behind them.
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Most civil engineering projects need large amounts of surface materials like soil
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or rock to be moved and this processing is called earthworks.
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And geological engineering applies geological science to support other engineering projects, assessing the geological suitability for large projects,
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things like dams or mining sites, amongst others.
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And understanding corrosion and the breakdown of materials over time is really important to make sure
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that systems are maintained and don't have catastrophic failures.
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This is a good time to point out that engineering by its very nature is largely cross -disciplinary,
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where just about everything on this map will also involve many other areas of this map.
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For example, the planning of building a building falls under the remit of architectural engineering,
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but it will also draw on structural engineering for the physical integrity of the building,
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which also draws on materials engineering for the properties of the materials the building will be built from, which in turn these materials will have been developed using techniques
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from chemical engineering then the systems inside a building will draw on mechanical engineering for air conditioning
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and elevators and electrical engineering for lights and power
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and computer engineering to control everything and for security
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so even though i've had to separate everything into categories in this map please remember
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that in reality there are strong connections between all of these areas
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so many in fact that i wasn't able to draw them all out as it would just turn into a giant mess.
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Okay, back to civil engineering.
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Agricultural engineering and biosystems engineering apply engineering science to agricultural purposes to improve the efficiency and yield of farms growing food.
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It also applies to businesses in the bioeconomy, growing crops for things like biofuel, and is also used with the goal of increasing the sustainability of these processes.
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environmental engineering looks at ways of improving the quality of the
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environment for living organisms by finding ways to reduce pollution in the ground water
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and air and also looks at the best ways of managing the waste material humanity produces controlling landfill
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or the safe containment of hazardous waste like chemical or radioactive waste or how to recycle materials to be reused again.
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The power
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and energy systems supplying our electricity also fall under civil engineering as well as the many different power stations
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which produce the energy like nuclear power plants and others.
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Closely related is petroleum engineering which involves the exploration
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and exploitation of oil reserves which also supply power stations as well as turning the oil into various petroleum products like gasoline,
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aircraft fuel, and anything made out of plastic.
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But now we've wandered into the realms of chemical engineering.
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I like to think of chemical engineering as the shuffling about of molecular bonds.
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Chemical engineering deals with developing methods to convert raw materials into useful materials that can be used for many different commercial purposes.
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It involves the design, building and operation of chemical process plants which create the useful materials.
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One example is taking the raw materials from mining operations and processing that material to create pure chemicals, for example lithium for the battery industry.
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Just about all of the products we buy have some kind of chemical engineering involved in their production.
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The food we eat is likely to have been fertilised with nitrogen fertiliser, a product of the chemical engineering industry.
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Also the chemicals that make cosmetic products, paper products made from trees,
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anything made of plastic, metal or ceramic have had some kind of chemical engineering involved in their materials.
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Even things made of wood have mostly had some kind of chemical treatment be it a stain or varnish.
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Another example of the clothes we wear
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which go through a process to convert raw materials like cotton wool
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or plastics into woven flexible materials that can be tailored into stylish garb.
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And of course chemical engineering creates commodity and speciality chemicals which are used for all kinds of commercial and industrial processes.
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Finally, everyone's favourite chemical engineering, fermentation, which straddles the line between chemical engineering and bioengineering as it uses biological organisms,
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yeasts and bacteria, to create the tasty booze humans are somewhat enamoured with, as well as delicious things like tea,
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coffee, chocolate, bread, yoghurt, kimchi and natto, amongst many others.
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And industrial fermentation harnesses microbes for the large -scale production of chemicals like biofuels,
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enzymes, proteins, and pharmaceutical drugs.
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Bioengineering, or biological engineering, combines the knowledge and principles of biology with engineering.
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This has two main approaches, either by harnessing biological systems, or designing systems for use in cooperation or within biological systems,
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many of which are used in the field of biomedical engineering which is the part that's focused on medicine.
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Biological engineers can use biological systems, cells, bacteria, viruses and manipulate their behaviour
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or genetics for specific purposes for example engineering the metabolic pathway of bacteria to create specific chemicals
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or biomolecules or the manufacture of vaccines or antibiotics or drugs which fall under the remit of biopharmaceuticals.
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Other applications of bioengineering include tissue engineering where the task is to create biological tissues
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that can be used to restore or replace damaged tissues or in the most advanced cases whole organs.
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In the realm of biomedical engineering is the fabrication of prosthetics
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which are designed to replace a missing body part
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or to increase functionality or freedom of movement inside the body implantable medical devices like artificial hearts
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or pacemakers also fall within biomedical engineering
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and finally there are the creation of tools to help the medical field including medical imaging technology
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and diagnostic devices to detect various ailments
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now on to mechanical engineering you can think of mechanical engineering as the engineering of things that move.
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But actually, I think it might be the engineering of energy, because so much of it involves converting one form of energy to another to do something useful.
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Mechanical engineering involves the design, production, and operation of machines with moving parts like wheels,
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levers, gears, pumps, but these moving parts need to be powered in some way by some form of energy.
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A familiar example are engines which burn a fuel source like coal or gasoline, which releases the chemical energy and turns it into motion
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which then can be harnessed for any other kind of motion through other mechanical devices like gears, chain drives and all other kinds of transportation products.
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Also engineering.
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The word engineering has the same root in Latin as ingenuity
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and engineering means the product of ingenuity which I really like and I think kind of applies to this whole map.
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Engineering builds products of ingenuity.
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Anyway, other examples of energy converting machines are turbines which convert mechanical movement into electrical energy like in wind turbines or dams.
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Generators turn chemical energy into electrical energy by burning some kind of fuel and motors which turn electrical energy into mechanical motion.
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All of these are useful machines designed to convert one kind of energy into another.
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Vacuum technology is also a part of mechanical engineering, dealing with the pumping of gas from one place to another to change the air pressure.
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This can create a suction force in the case of vacuum cleaners, or create an ultra -high vacuum for science experiments.
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Compressors do a similar but opposite job, pumping air or some other gas into a space, making the pressure go higher and higher.
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This is often used to liquefy gases to make them more compact and easier to transport.
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A large part of mechanical engineering is involved in the process
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of making large quantities of machines known as industrial engineering or manufacturing which are aided of course by other specialised machines.
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A familiar example of this is the automotive industry where automotive engineering deals with the design
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and manufacture of cars and other vehicles.
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Materials engineering is a core part of mechanical engineering
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because you want to make your machines out of materials with
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the right physical properties to perform the tasks you want them to perform strength flexibility weight heat resistance etc
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but even though i've put materials engineering in mechanical engineering it's actually an important part of everything on this map
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because everything you build is made of stuff
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and you want to make sure it's the best material for
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the job materials engineering also investigates building entirely new materials with novel physical properties not found in other materials
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and it's got a long history of revolutionizing the world.
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That's why ages in history are called stone age, bronze age or iron age and look at what the invention of plastic has done to the world.
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Motion is a key function of machines but sometimes
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that motion is inadvertently transmitted to places where it's not needed or causes damage.
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This is where the use of vibration isolation equipment comes in, and non -destructive testing is an important part of manufacturing to test the parts
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that are being produced without affecting the usability of those parts.
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And towards bioengineering we've got robotics and mechatronics
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which are the design of more general purpose machines that can help and assist humans.
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For example industrial robots on production lines that can be programmed to perform specific tasks,
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or robots that can replicate human actions or even entirely replace humanity in the future.
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They also have a range of different sensors to make sense of their environment
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and some kind of artificial intelligence to make decisions about what to do next and guns.
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Finally as we get close to electrical engineering we've got electromechanical engineering an area robotics makes heavy use of.
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It involves the interaction or embedding of electrical systems with mechanical systems
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and also we have micro electromechanical systems or MEMS which covers the technology of microscopic devices with moving parts.
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Mechanical engineering also finds heavy use in military engineering and weapon systems where the energy conversion is used for more deadly purposes.
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In general humans don't do very well
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when exposed to high levels of kinetic energy the basic principle of warfare throughout the ages.
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Anyway, moving on to more positive uses of mechanical engineering, we come to aerospace engineering.
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Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft, including design and manufacture of helicopters,
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rockets or satellites, amongst others, and is highly interdisciplinary.
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Building a rocket needs knowledge of aerodynamics, propulsion, materials engineering, avionics, chemical engineering,
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electrical engineering, computer engineering and control systems all working together flawlessly.
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There are also lots of applications of mechanical engineering in marine engineering
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which involves the engineering of marine vessels like ships boats
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and submarines as well as any ocean -based system or structures like oil rigs and harbors.
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Marine engineering is closely related to naval engineering or naval architecture, which involves shipbuilding and the design, maintenance and operation of marine vessels and structures.
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Integral to marine engineering is an understanding of fluid mechanics, how water moves and how things move through water, as well as watercraft propulsion,
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the mechanisms used to create thrust to move marine vessels through the water.
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Now onto the last big branch of engineering, electrical engineering.
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Put simply, an electrical engineer wants to control the movement of electrons in solids to make them do useful things.
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But really, electrical engineering harnesses the fundamental principles of electromagnetism,
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which, apart from gravity, is basically the only way we perceive and interact with the natural world.
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Electrical engineering is a broad field which utilises electromagnetism in many different ways, some of which we've already met like power generation
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and distribution in civil engineering and generators and motors in mechanical engineering which really could also have been drawn in electrical engineering.
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Telecommunications takes advantage of electromagnetic signals.
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These can be sent through the air, like with cell phone signals or radio, or through electrons in wires like cable TV,
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or through electromagnetic waves of light in optical fibres.
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Today our lives are filled with electronic devices, all of which have electric circuits inside, designed to perform specific useful tasks.
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Electric circuits are built from a number of basic units like resistors, capacitors and inductors to produce a range of complex behaviours.
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This blends into computer engineering, which is a subset of electrical engineering, but is a large enough discipline to have its own section.
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Before we move on to that, I want to mention systems engineering, which actually is not exclusive to electrical engineering or computer engineering,
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but anywhere where there's a large complex system of interrelated parts, like the electronics in a fighter jet or a computer system,
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or the power grid or whole cities systems engineering looks at how to design
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and manage complex systems over their life cycles i had to put systems engineering somewhere on this map
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and this made the most sense to me
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because many applications involve electric circuits a related discipline is instrumentation
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and control engineering which involves measuring and controlling certain variables in a system
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these variables are known as process variables and can include things like speed force temperature pressure,
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rate of flow, humidity, and many others.
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The aim is to measure these process variables and make changes to a system to keep the variables within a desired range.
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An example is a thermostat controlling the temperature of your room or cruise control controlling the speed of your car.
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But these control systems can be incredibly complex like in a fighter jet
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or in a robot where the robot's computer needs to make decisions based on the data coming in from the sensors.
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We also have a few different areas of electrical engineering
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which focus on specific application areas of electronic devices like broadcast engineering which deals with radio and television broadcasting.
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Audio equipment engineering deals with the devices that detect or create sounds like microphones or loudspeakers.
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Audio engineering also known as sound or recording engineering involves recording live performances
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and adjusting the electrical signals through audio devices to equalise volume or mix and process sounds, often for use in the music and entertainment industries.
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I've also put acoustical engineering here, which isn't actually electrical engineering, but I put it here because it's so close to the last two disciplines,
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because it's all about dealing with sound and vibration.
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It can involve designing concert halls for excellent acoustics, or reducing unwanted noise , or the use of ultrasound in medicine.
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Now onto computer engineering, which combines electrical engineering and computer science to develop computer hardware and software to make computers,
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microcontrollers and other computational electronic devices.
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Computer systems engineering looks at how to build computers or computer components to fulfil specific needs.
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For example, high performance computing may require many parallel processes
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or efficient software to manage tasks software engineering is responsible for all of the code
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that runs every computer every computer program
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and the entire internet software engineering is essentially the job of giving computers step -by -step instructions
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which can be written in various different programming languages depending on the problem that's being solved network engineering
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and computing involves a set of computers either communicating with each other
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or sharing resources and the design and implementation of that network
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so that it runs efficiently and carries on working even if sections of the network go down.
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More broadly, network engineering is a key part of telecommunications networks used by telephones, satellites and broadcasting.
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Most engineers working in information engineering or data engineering have a software engineering background
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and use programming languages to collect and manage large amounts of data
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and then process that data in ways that give insights about that data, trends, patterns, correlations or predictions.
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The most topical application of information engineering is machine learning and AI, but summarising the data
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and coming up with visualisations is also an important part of information engineering to interpret and understand the results.
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And finally I want to cover photonics or optical engineering which deals with light, how to detect it, or generate,
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transmit, or manipulate it for useful purposes like displays, optoelectronic devices like LEDs or solar panels,
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medical optics, and optical components for scientific research or industry.
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This is a part of electrical engineering because it still deals with electromagnetism, but it is distinct enough because of its focus on light specifically.
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So that's the map of engineering.
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Hopefully that gives you a good overview of the field
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and of all the diverse ways that engineering is used to improve our lives.
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By historical standards, we live like royalty, and I think it's very easy to take for granted all of our modern luxuries like water,
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electricity, the internet, modern medicine.
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So I think sometimes it's good to appreciate the engineers that have step by step built our modern world.
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And if you study engineering, one of the things you learn is the engineering mindset, which is a powerful tool to analyse problems,
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design solutions, and invent new technology that's never been built before.
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this is me on a train what do you think i'm
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doing doom scrolling nope not me i'm on brilliant brilliant is an educational app
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and website where you can spend your spare moments improving your knowledge
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and skills at science
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and mathematics a much better use of your phone time than
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the alternatives do they have courses on engineering they certainly do as well as physics mathematics computer science
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and many more related disciplines you can do the courses in your own time at your own pace
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and they remember exactly where you were so you can just jump in and out as much as you like.
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When I find myself reaching for my phone in those spare
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moments it's really great to have something productive I can do which is actually improving myself.
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And without too much effort all of those little slices can quickly add up to you understanding something new.
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It's definitely helped me test my knowledge by being forced to actually solve problems.
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I don't always get them right but that's okay.
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That's when I learn something new.
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If you're interested please go to brilliant .org slash dos
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or just click on the link in the description below
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which lets them know you've come from here and this helps me out a bit too.
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Thanks so much for watching and keeping up with my channel and I'll see you in the next map video.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 220 جملة و3404 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 21:52. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة طبيعية، نحو 156 كلمة في الدقيقة، قريبة من المحادثة اليومية. 81% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| mechanical صفة | /məˈkænəkəl/ | مِيكَانِيكِيّ |
| biological صفة | /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/ | بِيُولُوجِيّ, أَحْيَائِي |
| convert فعل | /kənˈvɝt/ | حَوَّلَ |
| discipline اسم | /ˈdɪsəplɪn/ | اِنْضِبَاط, تَهْذِيب |
| dam اسم | /ˈdæm/ | سَدّ, سد |
| audio صفة | /ˈɔ.di.oʊ/ | سَمْعِيّ, أُودْيُو |
| broadcast اسم | /ˈbɹɔːd(ˌ)kɑːst/ | تَلْفَزَة, إِذَاعَة |
| principle اسم | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | مَبْدَأ, قاعِدَة |
| tissue اسم | /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/ | مَنْدِيل, مِنْدِيل |
| vessel اسم | /ˈvɛsəl/ | فُلْك |
| robot اسم | /ˈɹoʊ.bɑt/ | رُوبُوت, رُوبُوط |
| vacuum اسم | /ˈvæ.kjuːm/ | خَلَاء, فَرَاغ |
| detect فعل | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | كَشَفَ |
| infrastructure اسم | /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/ | بِنْيَة تَحْتِيَّة |
| solve فعل | /sɒlv/ | ذَابَ, حَلَّ |
الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها
| الكلمة | المعنى |
|---|---|
| come up with فعل | جَاءَ بِـ, أَتَى بِـ |
| go down فعل | نَزَلَ |
| point out فعل | أَشَارَ |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 21 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل we've, don't, I've. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, withstand /wɪðˈstænd/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/, structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, mechanical /məˈkænəkəl/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, geological /ˌd͡ʒi.əˈlɑdʒ.ɪk.əl/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل mechanical, biological, convert.
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| “used to” used to + فعل — عادة أو حالة في الماضي لم تعد قائمة | used to liquefy · used to create |
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | has been engineered · was called · were related |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | has been engineered · have been developed · we've wandered |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | engineering, which are · chemicals which are · engineering which is |
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.