Pratica di Shadowing: The Map of Engineering - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
Creazione lezione...
1
The field of engineering has a huge influence on how we live our lives.
2
Pretty much everything around us has been engineered in some way, from the infrastructure that keeps countries running, roads, water, energy, to the buildings we live in,
3
to the things we use every day, our devices, books, even the clothes on our backs.
4
This map of engineering is my attempt to capture all of those different areas of engineering
5
and try and put them all in one place so that we can get our heads around it all.
6
And like all of my maps, you can buy it as a poster from dosmaps .com, as well as our Professor AstroCat books.
7
We'll start with civil engineering, which I like to think of as the engineering of big stuff that doesn't move.
8
Civil engineering encompasses large public works like bridges, tunnels, dams, roads, airports, railways,
9
and pipelines for things like water supply and water treatment, as well as a whole host of other infrastructure that helps our countries and economies tick along.
10
Generally, they're built to stay in place and last a long time.
11
Civil engineering was called civil engineering in the past to distinguish it from military engineering, which are both the oldest branches of engineering.
12
Early examples of civil engineering projects were related to farming and the control of water sources, but also building settlements, towns,
13
cities and large vanity projects like the Great Pyramids at Giza.
14
Coming back to today, arguably the largest collective engineering projects are our cities
15
which involve surveying to measure and assess the land on which buildings are built,
16
architectural engineering which deals with the design of buildings including the planning for their construction and operation when inhabited,
17
structural engineering ensures that buildings are safe and are strong under their own weight
18
and can withstand environmental effects like earthquakes or extreme weather events.
19
Structural engineering doesn't just apply to buildings but any structures humans build.
20
For example, it's a key part of building dams to withstand the large pressure of water behind them.
21
Most civil engineering projects need large amounts of surface materials like soil
22
or rock to be moved and this processing is called earthworks.
23
And geological engineering applies geological science to support other engineering projects, assessing the geological suitability for large projects,
24
things like dams or mining sites, amongst others.
25
And understanding corrosion and the breakdown of materials over time is really important to make sure
26
that systems are maintained and don't have catastrophic failures.
27
This is a good time to point out that engineering by its very nature is largely cross -disciplinary,
28
where just about everything on this map will also involve many other areas of this map.
29
For example, the planning of building a building falls under the remit of architectural engineering,
30
but it will also draw on structural engineering for the physical integrity of the building,
31
which also draws on materials engineering for the properties of the materials the building will be built from, which in turn these materials will have been developed using techniques
32
from chemical engineering then the systems inside a building will draw on mechanical engineering for air conditioning
33
and elevators and electrical engineering for lights and power
34
and computer engineering to control everything and for security
35
so even though i've had to separate everything into categories in this map please remember
36
that in reality there are strong connections between all of these areas
37
so many in fact that i wasn't able to draw them all out as it would just turn into a giant mess.
38
Okay, back to civil engineering.
39
Agricultural engineering and biosystems engineering apply engineering science to agricultural purposes to improve the efficiency and yield of farms growing food.
40
It also applies to businesses in the bioeconomy, growing crops for things like biofuel, and is also used with the goal of increasing the sustainability of these processes.
41
environmental engineering looks at ways of improving the quality of the
42
environment for living organisms by finding ways to reduce pollution in the ground water
43
and air and also looks at the best ways of managing the waste material humanity produces controlling landfill
44
or the safe containment of hazardous waste like chemical or radioactive waste or how to recycle materials to be reused again.
45
The power
46
and energy systems supplying our electricity also fall under civil engineering as well as the many different power stations
47
which produce the energy like nuclear power plants and others.
48
Closely related is petroleum engineering which involves the exploration
49
and exploitation of oil reserves which also supply power stations as well as turning the oil into various petroleum products like gasoline,
50
aircraft fuel, and anything made out of plastic.
51
But now we've wandered into the realms of chemical engineering.
52
I like to think of chemical engineering as the shuffling about of molecular bonds.
53
Chemical engineering deals with developing methods to convert raw materials into useful materials that can be used for many different commercial purposes.
54
It involves the design, building and operation of chemical process plants which create the useful materials.
55
One example is taking the raw materials from mining operations and processing that material to create pure chemicals, for example lithium for the battery industry.
56
Just about all of the products we buy have some kind of chemical engineering involved in their production.
57
The food we eat is likely to have been fertilised with nitrogen fertiliser, a product of the chemical engineering industry.
58
Also the chemicals that make cosmetic products, paper products made from trees,
59
anything made of plastic, metal or ceramic have had some kind of chemical engineering involved in their materials.
60
Even things made of wood have mostly had some kind of chemical treatment be it a stain or varnish.
61
Another example of the clothes we wear
62
which go through a process to convert raw materials like cotton wool
63
or plastics into woven flexible materials that can be tailored into stylish garb.
64
And of course chemical engineering creates commodity and speciality chemicals which are used for all kinds of commercial and industrial processes.
65
Finally, everyone's favourite chemical engineering, fermentation, which straddles the line between chemical engineering and bioengineering as it uses biological organisms,
66
yeasts and bacteria, to create the tasty booze humans are somewhat enamoured with, as well as delicious things like tea,
67
coffee, chocolate, bread, yoghurt, kimchi and natto, amongst many others.
68
And industrial fermentation harnesses microbes for the large -scale production of chemicals like biofuels,
69
enzymes, proteins, and pharmaceutical drugs.
70
Bioengineering, or biological engineering, combines the knowledge and principles of biology with engineering.
71
This has two main approaches, either by harnessing biological systems, or designing systems for use in cooperation or within biological systems,
72
many of which are used in the field of biomedical engineering which is the part that's focused on medicine.
73
Biological engineers can use biological systems, cells, bacteria, viruses and manipulate their behaviour
74
or genetics for specific purposes for example engineering the metabolic pathway of bacteria to create specific chemicals
75
or biomolecules or the manufacture of vaccines or antibiotics or drugs which fall under the remit of biopharmaceuticals.
76
Other applications of bioengineering include tissue engineering where the task is to create biological tissues
77
that can be used to restore or replace damaged tissues or in the most advanced cases whole organs.
78
In the realm of biomedical engineering is the fabrication of prosthetics
79
which are designed to replace a missing body part
80
or to increase functionality or freedom of movement inside the body implantable medical devices like artificial hearts
81
or pacemakers also fall within biomedical engineering
82
and finally there are the creation of tools to help the medical field including medical imaging technology
83
and diagnostic devices to detect various ailments
84
now on to mechanical engineering you can think of mechanical engineering as the engineering of things that move.
85
But actually, I think it might be the engineering of energy, because so much of it involves converting one form of energy to another to do something useful.
86
Mechanical engineering involves the design, production, and operation of machines with moving parts like wheels,
87
levers, gears, pumps, but these moving parts need to be powered in some way by some form of energy.
88
A familiar example are engines which burn a fuel source like coal or gasoline, which releases the chemical energy and turns it into motion
89
which then can be harnessed for any other kind of motion through other mechanical devices like gears, chain drives and all other kinds of transportation products.
90
Also engineering.
91
The word engineering has the same root in Latin as ingenuity
92
and engineering means the product of ingenuity which I really like and I think kind of applies to this whole map.
93
Engineering builds products of ingenuity.
94
Anyway, other examples of energy converting machines are turbines which convert mechanical movement into electrical energy like in wind turbines or dams.
95
Generators turn chemical energy into electrical energy by burning some kind of fuel and motors which turn electrical energy into mechanical motion.
96
All of these are useful machines designed to convert one kind of energy into another.
97
Vacuum technology is also a part of mechanical engineering, dealing with the pumping of gas from one place to another to change the air pressure.
98
This can create a suction force in the case of vacuum cleaners, or create an ultra -high vacuum for science experiments.
99
Compressors do a similar but opposite job, pumping air or some other gas into a space, making the pressure go higher and higher.
100
This is often used to liquefy gases to make them more compact and easier to transport.
101
A large part of mechanical engineering is involved in the process
102
of making large quantities of machines known as industrial engineering or manufacturing which are aided of course by other specialised machines.
103
A familiar example of this is the automotive industry where automotive engineering deals with the design
104
and manufacture of cars and other vehicles.
105
Materials engineering is a core part of mechanical engineering
106
because you want to make your machines out of materials with
107
the right physical properties to perform the tasks you want them to perform strength flexibility weight heat resistance etc
108
but even though i've put materials engineering in mechanical engineering it's actually an important part of everything on this map
109
because everything you build is made of stuff
110
and you want to make sure it's the best material for
111
the job materials engineering also investigates building entirely new materials with novel physical properties not found in other materials
112
and it's got a long history of revolutionizing the world.
113
That's why ages in history are called stone age, bronze age or iron age and look at what the invention of plastic has done to the world.
114
Motion is a key function of machines but sometimes
115
that motion is inadvertently transmitted to places where it's not needed or causes damage.
116
This is where the use of vibration isolation equipment comes in, and non -destructive testing is an important part of manufacturing to test the parts
117
that are being produced without affecting the usability of those parts.
118
And towards bioengineering we've got robotics and mechatronics
119
which are the design of more general purpose machines that can help and assist humans.
120
For example industrial robots on production lines that can be programmed to perform specific tasks,
121
or robots that can replicate human actions or even entirely replace humanity in the future.
122
They also have a range of different sensors to make sense of their environment
123
and some kind of artificial intelligence to make decisions about what to do next and guns.
124
Finally as we get close to electrical engineering we've got electromechanical engineering an area robotics makes heavy use of.
125
It involves the interaction or embedding of electrical systems with mechanical systems
126
and also we have micro electromechanical systems or MEMS which covers the technology of microscopic devices with moving parts.
127
Mechanical engineering also finds heavy use in military engineering and weapon systems where the energy conversion is used for more deadly purposes.
128
In general humans don't do very well
129
when exposed to high levels of kinetic energy the basic principle of warfare throughout the ages.
130
Anyway, moving on to more positive uses of mechanical engineering, we come to aerospace engineering.
131
Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft, including design and manufacture of helicopters,
132
rockets or satellites, amongst others, and is highly interdisciplinary.
133
Building a rocket needs knowledge of aerodynamics, propulsion, materials engineering, avionics, chemical engineering,
134
electrical engineering, computer engineering and control systems all working together flawlessly.
135
There are also lots of applications of mechanical engineering in marine engineering
136
which involves the engineering of marine vessels like ships boats
137
and submarines as well as any ocean -based system or structures like oil rigs and harbors.
138
Marine engineering is closely related to naval engineering or naval architecture, which involves shipbuilding and the design, maintenance and operation of marine vessels and structures.
139
Integral to marine engineering is an understanding of fluid mechanics, how water moves and how things move through water, as well as watercraft propulsion,
140
the mechanisms used to create thrust to move marine vessels through the water.
141
Now onto the last big branch of engineering, electrical engineering.
142
Put simply, an electrical engineer wants to control the movement of electrons in solids to make them do useful things.
143
But really, electrical engineering harnesses the fundamental principles of electromagnetism,
144
which, apart from gravity, is basically the only way we perceive and interact with the natural world.
145
Electrical engineering is a broad field which utilises electromagnetism in many different ways, some of which we've already met like power generation
146
and distribution in civil engineering and generators and motors in mechanical engineering which really could also have been drawn in electrical engineering.
147
Telecommunications takes advantage of electromagnetic signals.
148
These can be sent through the air, like with cell phone signals or radio, or through electrons in wires like cable TV,
149
or through electromagnetic waves of light in optical fibres.
150
Today our lives are filled with electronic devices, all of which have electric circuits inside, designed to perform specific useful tasks.
151
Electric circuits are built from a number of basic units like resistors, capacitors and inductors to produce a range of complex behaviours.
152
This blends into computer engineering, which is a subset of electrical engineering, but is a large enough discipline to have its own section.
153
Before we move on to that, I want to mention systems engineering, which actually is not exclusive to electrical engineering or computer engineering,
154
but anywhere where there's a large complex system of interrelated parts, like the electronics in a fighter jet or a computer system,
155
or the power grid or whole cities systems engineering looks at how to design
156
and manage complex systems over their life cycles i had to put systems engineering somewhere on this map
157
and this made the most sense to me
158
because many applications involve electric circuits a related discipline is instrumentation
159
and control engineering which involves measuring and controlling certain variables in a system
160
these variables are known as process variables and can include things like speed force temperature pressure,
161
rate of flow, humidity, and many others.
162
The aim is to measure these process variables and make changes to a system to keep the variables within a desired range.
163
An example is a thermostat controlling the temperature of your room or cruise control controlling the speed of your car.
164
But these control systems can be incredibly complex like in a fighter jet
165
or in a robot where the robot's computer needs to make decisions based on the data coming in from the sensors.
166
We also have a few different areas of electrical engineering
167
which focus on specific application areas of electronic devices like broadcast engineering which deals with radio and television broadcasting.
168
Audio equipment engineering deals with the devices that detect or create sounds like microphones or loudspeakers.
169
Audio engineering also known as sound or recording engineering involves recording live performances
170
and adjusting the electrical signals through audio devices to equalise volume or mix and process sounds, often for use in the music and entertainment industries.
171
I've also put acoustical engineering here, which isn't actually electrical engineering, but I put it here because it's so close to the last two disciplines,
172
because it's all about dealing with sound and vibration.
173
It can involve designing concert halls for excellent acoustics, or reducing unwanted noise , or the use of ultrasound in medicine.
174
Now onto computer engineering, which combines electrical engineering and computer science to develop computer hardware and software to make computers,
175
microcontrollers and other computational electronic devices.
176
Computer systems engineering looks at how to build computers or computer components to fulfil specific needs.
177
For example, high performance computing may require many parallel processes
178
or efficient software to manage tasks software engineering is responsible for all of the code
179
that runs every computer every computer program
180
and the entire internet software engineering is essentially the job of giving computers step -by -step instructions
181
which can be written in various different programming languages depending on the problem that's being solved network engineering
182
and computing involves a set of computers either communicating with each other
183
or sharing resources and the design and implementation of that network
184
so that it runs efficiently and carries on working even if sections of the network go down.
185
More broadly, network engineering is a key part of telecommunications networks used by telephones, satellites and broadcasting.
186
Most engineers working in information engineering or data engineering have a software engineering background
187
and use programming languages to collect and manage large amounts of data
188
and then process that data in ways that give insights about that data, trends, patterns, correlations or predictions.
189
The most topical application of information engineering is machine learning and AI, but summarising the data
190
and coming up with visualisations is also an important part of information engineering to interpret and understand the results.
191
And finally I want to cover photonics or optical engineering which deals with light, how to detect it, or generate,
192
transmit, or manipulate it for useful purposes like displays, optoelectronic devices like LEDs or solar panels,
193
medical optics, and optical components for scientific research or industry.
194
This is a part of electrical engineering because it still deals with electromagnetism, but it is distinct enough because of its focus on light specifically.
195
So that's the map of engineering.
196
Hopefully that gives you a good overview of the field
197
and of all the diverse ways that engineering is used to improve our lives.
198
By historical standards, we live like royalty, and I think it's very easy to take for granted all of our modern luxuries like water,
199
electricity, the internet, modern medicine.
200
So I think sometimes it's good to appreciate the engineers that have step by step built our modern world.
201
And if you study engineering, one of the things you learn is the engineering mindset, which is a powerful tool to analyse problems,
202
design solutions, and invent new technology that's never been built before.
203
this is me on a train what do you think i'm
204
doing doom scrolling nope not me i'm on brilliant brilliant is an educational app
205
and website where you can spend your spare moments improving your knowledge
206
and skills at science
207
and mathematics a much better use of your phone time than
208
the alternatives do they have courses on engineering they certainly do as well as physics mathematics computer science
209
and many more related disciplines you can do the courses in your own time at your own pace
210
and they remember exactly where you were so you can just jump in and out as much as you like.
211
When I find myself reaching for my phone in those spare
212
moments it's really great to have something productive I can do which is actually improving myself.
213
And without too much effort all of those little slices can quickly add up to you understanding something new.
214
It's definitely helped me test my knowledge by being forced to actually solve problems.
215
I don't always get them right but that's okay.
216
That's when I learn something new.
217
If you're interested please go to brilliant .org slash dos
218
or just click on the link in the description below
219
which lets them know you've come from here and this helps me out a bit too.
220
Thanks so much for watching and keeping up with my channel and I'll see you in the next map video.
📺 Stesso Canale
C12
The Map of Mathematics
British AccentBusiness EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
If You Don't Understand Quantum Physics, Try This!
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
The Map of Physics
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
Map of Science (and everything else)
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
✨ Video consigliato
C12
106 frasi
What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C132
34 frasi
IELTS Speaking Part 3: Cities, Housing and Transport
American AccentBritish AccentIELTS PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
51 frasi
What's Under Your Feet in New York City?
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
165 frasi
The World's Most Beautiful Bridge Just Opened
British AccentBusiness EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C149 frasi
Working as a Fire Protection Engineer - First Six Months Experience
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
66 frasi
What is Urban Planning?
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
44 frasi
Understanding the Oil and Gas Value Chain: Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
50 frasi
0.0.1 How to become a CAE Engineer CAE | What are the ways to become a CAE Engineer as a fresher
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2235 frasi
which country invented the most stuff?
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
29 frasi
What is Social Science?
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
443 frasi
Functional-Oriented Documentation in Automation - Eplan & IEC 81346 Explained
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questo video contiene 220 frasi e 3404 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 21:52. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 156 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Solo il 81% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| mechanical aggettivo | /məˈkænəkəl/ | meccanico |
| involve verbo | /ɪnˈvɑlv/ | coinvolgere |
| biological aggettivo | /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/ | biologico |
| convert verbo | /kənˈvɝt/ | convertire |
| variable aggettivo | [ˈvæɹ.i.ə.bl̩] | variabile, regolabile |
| discipline sostantivo | /ˈdɪsəplɪn/ | disciplina |
| dam sostantivo | /ˈdæm/ | argine, diga |
| broadcast sostantivo | /ˈbɹɔːd(ˌ)kɑːst/ | trasmissione, emissione |
| principle sostantivo | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | principio |
| tissue sostantivo | /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/ | tessuto |
| vessel sostantivo | /ˈvɛsəl/ | vascello, imbarcazione |
| robot sostantivo | /ˈɹoʊ.bɑt/ | robot |
| structural aggettivo | /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/ | strutturale |
| vacuum sostantivo | /ˈvæ.kjuːm/ | vuoto |
| detect verbo | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | individuare, rilevare |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| come up with verbo | ideare, escogitare |
| go through verbo | attraversare |
| keep up with verbo | tenere dietro a |
| point out verbo | additare |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 21 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come we've, don't, I've. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, withstand /wɪðˈstænd/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/, structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, mechanical /məˈkænəkəl/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, geological /ˌd͡ʒi.əˈlɑdʒ.ɪk.əl/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come mechanical, involve, biological.
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| “Used to” used to + verbo — un’abitudine o uno stato passato che non è più vero | used to liquefy · used to create |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | has been engineered · was called · were related |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has been engineered · have been developed · we've wandered |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | engineering, which are · chemicals which are · engineering which is |
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.