शैडोइंग अभ्यास: First Amendment | Constitution 101 - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

I'm Jeffrey Rosen and I'm here at the National Constitution Center in front of the First Amendment tablet.

Let's talk about why the founders believed that Congress can make no law, abridging the freedom of speech,

press, religion, assembly, and petition?

Well, they had four reasons, which have been developed by the Supreme Court over the course of American history.

First, freedom of conscience is an unalienable right because people have the right and the duty to think for themselves.

Second, free speech makes our representatives accountable to we the people.

Third, free speech is necessary for the discovery of truth and the rejection of falsehood.

And fourth, free speech allows the public discussion necessary for democratic self -government.

Remarkably, all four of these reasons are clearly and brilliantly expressed in two texts that we're going to talk about today.

Thomas Jefferson's original draft of his Virginia Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom from 1777 and Justice Brandeis' opinion in Whitney v.

California from 1927.

Let's begin with Jefferson's bill, which he drafted after returning to Virginia from Philadelphia when he wrote the Declaration of Independence.

Jefferson considered his religious freedom bill among the three most important

accomplishments of his life important enough to be inscribed on his

tombstone along with his having drafted the declaration of independence

and founded the university of virginia under virginia's colonial religious code at the time all dissenters were required to support

and attend the established anglican church presbyterians

and baptists could be arrested for practicing their faith

or preaching the gospel quakers and jews

and other dissenters could be denied the freedom to marry or to have custody of their own children.

Jefferson proposed not only to disestablish the Anglican Church and remove all criminal punishments for dissent,

but also to prohibit all compelled support for religion of any kind.

He concluded that because freedom of conscience is a fundamental right, government can regulate overt acts against peace and good order,

but it lacks all power to intrude into the field of opinion.

Let's review each of Jefferson's four reasons.

First, freedom of conscience is an unalienable right, because people have the right and the duty to think for themselves.

Jefferson said, well aware that the opinions and beliefs of men depend not on their own will,

but follow involuntarily the evidence proposed to their minds.

God hath created the mind free, and manifested his supreme will

that free it shall remain by making it altogether insusceptible of

restraint in other words jefferson argued freedom of conscience is by definition an unalienable right one

that can't be alienated or surrendered to government

because our opinions are the the involuntary result of the evidence contemplated by our reasoning minds.

We can't give presidents or priests or teachers or fellow citizens the power to think for us, even if we wanted to,

because we are endowed by our Creator with the capacity to reason, and therefore we can't help thinking for ourselves.

Second, free speech makes our representatives accountable to we the people.

In his religious freedom bill, Jefferson emphasized that it's crucial in a democracy

for citizens to be able to criticize public officials because legislators and religious leaders being themselves fallible and uninspired,

as Jefferson said, will always try to impose their own opinions and modes of thinking on others.

Jefferson's prediction came to a head in the controversy over the Alien

and Sedition Acts in 1798 when the Federalist Congress made it a crime to criticize the Federalist president,

John Adams, but not the Republican vice president, Thomas Jefferson.

Third, free speech is necessary for the discovery of truth and the rejection of falsehood.

Jefferson concludes his religious freedom bill with words expressing his unshakable faith in the power of reason

and reason deliberation to distinguish truth from error.

And the words that he used are inscribed in marble on the Jefferson Memorial in Washington.

Truth is great and will prevail if left to herself.

She is the proper and sufficient antagonist to error and has nothing to fear from the conflict unless by human interposition,

disarmed of her natural weapons, free argument and debate.

Fourth, free speech allows the public discussion necessary for democratic self -government.

Jefferson believed that in a democracy, all citizens have an equal right and responsibility to exercise their rights of conscience.

As he put it in the Virginia Bill, proscribing any citizen as unworthy the public confidence by laying upon

him an incapacity of being called to offices of trust and emolument, unless he professes or renounces this or that religious opinion,

is depriving him injuriously of those privileges and advantages to which, in common with his fellow citizens, he has a natural right.

In 1927, in the greatest free speech opinion of the 20th century,

Justice Louis Brandeis distilled Jefferson's four reasons for protecting free speech into a few inspiring paragraphs.

The case was called Whitney v.

California, and here we see the first Jewish justice insisting on the right of Anita Whitney,

a white woman, to make a speech defending anti -lynching laws, which were designed to protect the life and liberty of African Americans.

Whitney made her speech at a Communist Party meeting, and she was convicted under a California law

that made it a crime to associate with organizations that advocated doctrines that might lead people to break the law. In 1926,

Brandeis had read Jefferson's original draft of the Virginia bill for establishing religious freedom

and in his Whitney opinion the following year Brandeis adopted

and refined Jefferson's standard for ensuring

that government could only punish overt acts of law -breaking

and not the expression of dangerous opinions as Brandeis put it

in Whitney fear of serious injury cannot alone justify suppression of free speech and assembly

men feared witches

and burnt women it is the function of speech to free

men from the bondage of irrational fears to justify suppression of free speech there must be reasonable ground to fear

that serious evil will result if free speech is practiced

and there must be reasonable ground to believe that the danger apprehended is imminent.

Brandeis's inspiring test for protecting free speech,

namely government can only ban speech if it's intended to and likely to cause imminent and serious injury,

was based on his Jeffersonian faith in the power of what he called free

and fearless reasoning to expose falsehood through public discussion.

As Brandeis put it, if there be time to expose through discussion the falsehoods and fallacies,

to avert the evil by the processes of education.

The remedy to be applied is more speech, not enforced silence.

Only an emergency can justify repression.

Brandeis's test was finally adopted by the Supreme Court in 1969 in the Brandenburg case, and as a result, the U .S.

Supreme Court and the United States of America now protect free speech more vigorously than any other country in the world.

Brandeis went on in Whitney to summarize Jefferson's four reasons for why government can't make laws designed to restrict free speech,

and in the process, Brandeis achieved a kind of constitutional poetry i'm now going to

read brandeis's central passage listen closely for each of jefferson's four

reasons here we go those who won our independence believed

that the final end of the state was to make men free to develop their faculties

and that in its government the deliberative forces should prevail over the arbitrary they valued liberty both as an end

and as a means.

They believed liberty to be the secret of happiness and courage to be the secret of liberty.

That's a quotation from Pericles' funeral oration.

They believed that freedom to think as you will

and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth.

That without free speech and assembly, discussion would be futile.

That with them discussion affords ordinarily adequate protection against the dissemination of noxious doctrine,

that the greatest threat to freedom is an inert people, that public discussion is a political duty, and that this should be a fundamental principle of the American government.

Well, that's the most inspiring paragraph on free speech ever written.

But as that paragraph shows,

all four of Jefferson and Brandeis' reasons for protecting free speech are based in an overwhelming faith in reason itself.

100

The First Amendment is based on that faith, that people will take time to develop their faculties of reason through education and public discussion.

101

that public discussion will be a check on arbitrary and partisan demagogues rather than enabling them,

102

that more speech will lead to the spread of more truth rather than more falsehood, and that people will, in fact,

103

take time for discussion and deliberation rather than making impulsive decisions.

104

All four of these founding faiths are being challenged in a polarized age of social media,

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which is based on a business model of enrage and engage.

106

Twitter and Facebook and other platforms have accelerated public discourse to warp speed, creating virtual versions of the mob.

107

Inflammatory posts based on passion travel farther and faster than arguments based on reason.

108

And rather than encouraging deliberation,

109

mass media can undermine it by creating filter bubbles and echo chambers in which citizens see only those opinions they already embrace.

110

For these reasons, some are calling for America's free speech tradition to be reconsidered or amended.

111

Here at the National Constitution Center, in front of the First Amendment tablet, we are proud to preserve,

112

protect, and defend the faith in reason deliberation

113

that is the foundation of the freedom of conscience protected by the first amendment

114

which encompasses the five freedoms of speech press religion petition

115

and assembly as america's leading platform for non -partisan constitutional education

116

and debate we bring together americans of different perspectives to cultivate

117

their faculties of reason only by listening to the best arguments

118

on all sides of the constitutional questions at the center of american life can you exercise your right

119

and duty to make up your own mind.

120

Like Jefferson and Brandeis and Frederick Douglass and Ruth Bader Ginsburg and all of these great free speech heroes of American history,

121

we are dedicated to what Jefferson called the illimitable freedom of the human mind.

122

For here, as Jefferson said, we are not afraid to follow truth wherever it may lead,

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nor to tolerate any error so long as reason is left free to combat it.

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

यह C1 स्तर का स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “First Amendment” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: speech, freedom, jefferson, Brandeis, discussion। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 123 वाक्य और 1737 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 12:44 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 136 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। केवल 80% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 15 सबसे कठिन शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

शब्द	उच्चारण	अर्थ
conscience संज्ञा	/ˈkɑn.ʃəns/	विवेक, अन्तरात्मा
falsehood संज्ञा	/ˈfɒlsˌhʊd/	झूठ
deliberation संज्ञा	/dɪˌlɪbəˈɹeɪʃən/	विमर्श, मंथन
paragraph संज्ञा	/ˈpæɹəɡɹæf/	अनुच्छेद, पैराग्राफ़
suppression संज्ञा	/səˈpɹɛʃən/	दमन
partisan संज्ञा	/ˈpɑː.tɪˌzæn/	पक्षपाती, पक्षधर
arbitrary विशेषण	/ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/	यादृच्छिक
conclude क्रिया	/kənˈkluːd/	समापन
accountable विशेषण	/əˈkaʊntəbl̩/	उत्तरदायी
expose क्रिया	/ɪkˈspoʊz/	खोलना, उघाड़ना
doctrine संज्ञा	/ˈdɑk.tɹɪn/	मत, वाद
antagonist संज्ञा	/ænˈtæɡənɪst/	शत्रु, विरोधी
bondage संज्ञा	/ˈbɑn.dɪd͡ʒ/	ग़ुलामी, बन्दगी
compel क्रिया	/kəmˈpɛl/	विवश करना
contemplate क्रिया	/ˈkɑn.təmˌpleɪt/	चिंतन, मनन

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचना	वीडियो में
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है	have been developed · be inscribed · were required
Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी	reasons, which have · laws, which were · those who won
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है	have been developed · have accelerated

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

वक्ता 8 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे can't, I'm, we're। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।

“th” की ध्वनियाँ: unworthy /ʌnˈwɝði/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/
“sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: conscience /ˈkɑn.ʃəns/, deliberation /dɪˌlɪbəˈɹeɪʃən/, suppression /səˈpɹɛʃən/, rejection /ɹɪˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/, disestablish /dɪsɪˈstæblɪʃ/
लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: deliberation /dɪˌlɪbəˈɹeɪʃən/, unalienable /ʌnˈeɪljənəbəl/, arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/, alienate /ˈeɪ.li.ə.neɪt/, antagonist /ænˈtæɡənɪst/

हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:

/v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: overt /oʊˈvɚt/, prevail /pɹɪˈveɪl/, cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/, deprive /dɪˈpɹaɪv/, impulsive /ɪmˈpʌlsɪv/
/z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: criticize /ˈkɹɪtɪsaɪz/, partisan /ˈpɑː.tɪˌzæn/, expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/, polarize /ˈpəʊ.lə.ɹaɪz/, summarize /ˈsʌməˌɹaɪz/
/æ/ — “ऐ” से ज़्यादा खुला: paragraph /ˈpæɹəɡɹæf/, partisan /ˈpɑː.tɪˌzæn/, tablet /ˈtæblət/, antagonist /ænˈtæɡənɪst/, apprehend /ˌæpɹɪˈhɛnd/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर conscience, falsehood, deliberation जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

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शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?