शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Memory is crazy expensive so I made my own… - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

अभ्यास मोड चुनें

हर मोड पूरी स्क्रीन का अभ्यास कक्ष खोलता है।

252 वाक्य

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There are very few people on the planet who would recognize what this is, and it is incredibly cool.

This is computer memory, not a chip.

There's nothing that's microscopic here, nothing etched in silicon.

Just 64 iron rings, hand threaded and immersed in silicon oil oil.

Each one stores a single bit, and not with electricity, but by manipulating its magnetic field.

This is how computers remembered things long before silicon chips ever existed.

It's the same core technology that allowed the Apollo Guidance computer to fly to the moon, all woven by hand with sewing needles no less.

And that's not the coolest part.

This memory is far more robust than even the stuff that's in your phone today.

It doesn't need power to retain its memory and it can shrug off a radiation burst that would wipe out most chips.

This stuff is nearly indestructible.

And it happens to be a completely insane thing to try to build.

So that's exactly what we're going to do today.

Make our own computer memory from scratch the same way they did 60 years ago.

With some modern tools of course.

And if everything goes well we might be able to make make the world's worst USB drive, or best, depending on how you look at it.

Let's dig in.

The first thing I had to do was to get my hands on some actual memory cores

and then come up with a plan to test them.

Getting a hold of them is easier than you might think.

I got mine off an old Soviet computer, and that matters, and I'll tell you why later.

But for now, I checked in with the boss, made a plan, and got down to research.

And it's kind of crazy, but the best information that I could find came from a 1970s naval manual.

It had fantastic images and really did a good job of explaining all the physics behind it.

And one thing that became clear pretty quickly is that I needed to make a test harness.

And if you watch my channel, you know that I love to hone my skills and learn new ones, So I'm going to be milling out my own circuit boards in-house on my CNC machine.

And it's not as complicated as you might think.

First you use a sharp engraving bit to isolate the copper traces from the rest of the copper.

Then optionally you can apply some solder mask.

I like to because it prevents the copper from oxidizing, but it also makes it a lot easier when you're actually trying to solder later on.

The tricky part about it is removing the solder mask from the areas where you want to see copper, where you're going to solder or have test pads.

This means getting a consistently thin layer so that when you go back with your solder mask removal tool,

you can apply a constant even pressure and it will grind off that solder mask rather than tearing into the copper.

And this is one of those things where you really have to dial it in, test, find different pressures, and expect to mess up.

Alignment is a huge thing too.

If it's off in any way, the tool will start outside the copper and grind into it rather than burnishing it from the top.

But once you find your flow, it's a really cool thing to be able to do.

Now I have some very simple goals for my test harness.

I need to be able to flip a core by passing voltage through two different wires going through it, and then I need to be able to detect that flip on the sense wire.

That's essentially how this all works.

You want to pass enough voltage through a magnetic core in order to flip its polarity.

And when that polarity flips, it induces a current in the sense wire, so the sense wire knows whether a core is flipped or not.

Why does detecting the polarity flip matter?

We'll get to that in a bit.

But for now, we need to finish this up so that we can start writing some firmware for our ESP32.

It's going to help us do those write operations, and we're going to use our oscilloscope in order to detect the rest.

The most basic version of this has one X and one Y wire that supply the current, and then one sense line that's threaded through all of them.

Time to button this up and work on the firmware.

I get a lot of people asking about my background, and it actually started here, in code.

I'm just stubbing out a quick test harness right now to try to see

if we can detect that flip of the single core, but before I ever had a CNC mill, and long before 3D printers were a thing, I was a software engineer.

And look, I'll be honest, I was not a great student.

The traditional sit and read a book or lecture-based learning never really clicked for me.

I was always the hands-on type, so when boot.dev reached out to sponsor the video, I got interested.

One thing that really caught my eye is the gamification.

It's structured like a game.

You're earning XP, leveling up, but most importantly, you're actually doing the work instead of just hearing someone talk about it.

For me, that's the difference between bouncing off of a subject and actually finishing it.

And even though they're pretty backend-focused, they have a lot of different subjects, from Linux to Go to Docker to AWS, real DevOps stuff.

And these aren't just for beginners.

I've been using it to keep my own chops sharp.

I like how you can go at your own pace and skip lessons to what you really need to work on.

The cool thing is all the content is free to read and watch as long as you want, or you can sign up for a membership and that unlocks the interactive part,

the coding, the AI help, and there's a free demo on every course if you just wanna try it out first.

So if you wanna give it a shot, head to boot.dev and use my code for 25% off your whole first year on an annual plan.

The link and the code are in the description, and thanks to boot.dev for sponsoring.

Now let's get back to it.

So this test harness is pretty basic.

It uses an ESP32, a couple of buttons, and a motor controller in order to send current through both of those lines.

I'm hooking up my scope to the trigger of the ESP32 so I know when it fires, and then also on the sense line.

The power from the USB is not enough, and so this requires a separate bench supply in order to deliver the kind of voltage

and amperage needed in order to flip the cores.

My plan is to start out low at 6 volts

and then slowly amp it up until I actually see the flip on the scope.

My trigger looks like it's working well,

but I'm still not getting a flip, so I'll ramp it up a little bit more.

I'm seeing small spikes from the inductive coupling, but I'm not seeing a big dip or spike, so I'm going to try to turn it up to 12 volts.

And after playing around with this for about a half an hour, I see this.

This This dip could indicate a flip.

Now I wrote a zero to it when it was a one, so if I write a zero to it when it's a zero, that dip should go away if it's what I'm looking for.

So I save the waveform and try it again.

I got a bad read on the first one because we don't see any spikes at all, but when I try it again...

That's exactly what we're looking for.

So now it's time to scale this thing up.

My original plan was to do 16x16 cores, giving us a total of 256.

But as I was laying it out, I realized that there's just no way I'm going to be able to fit

that in the form factor of just one board, so I decided to downsize and go 8x8.

So yeah, I guess technically you could call this 64-bit memory.

Kinda.

Once I have an idea of the board size, I go into Shapr and start modeling an enclosure.

The reason I want an enclosure is I want to be able to submerge the entire board in silicone oil.

Now, silicone oil is non-conductive and so it doesn't interfere with the electronics at all, and it's also kind of wild to see a circuit board dunked in liquid.

Its real purpose, other than just looking super cool, is that it helps maintain a consistent temperature throughout all the cores.

And since a core's switching threshold is temperature dependent, it just makes the whole system more robust.

It's far from done, but I feel good about the model and I want to do a fit test.

So it's time to print.

I'm a huge fan of filament printers and I use them all the time in my workflows.

Now I don't think an FDM print is going to be able to contain silicone oil, but it's going to be fantastic for rapid prototyping.

It's an incredible thing to send a model off to a printer

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and then an hour later have a physical thing to be able to test.

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When When I'm modeling a physical piece, there's just a lot to keep in my head.

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The sizes, the tolerances, how it interacts with the things that I'm going to be using it with or putting it in.

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Oftentimes I miss things, and often it's not until I hold something to where I know

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that I want to make a design change.

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Sometimes it's drastic cosmetic changes, and sometimes it's just quality of life stuff when assembling the product.

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I'm also starting to think through the aesthetic.

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I want a raw, clean look and big, thick windows that you're going to be able to see through.

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These windows are going to need to be a precise fit, so I cut up some cast acrylic and move over to my CNC.

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When I first started working with the CNC, it's less about the machine itself and it's more about knowing the materials.

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When working with acrylic, for example, you want cast acrylic, not extruded.

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And you want to cut big chips so that you're not melting the acrylic behind you as you go.

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Do it right and you can get some awesome results.

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Ultimately, I want this thing to have a resin enclosure.

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The print quality is unmatched, but the material selection is far more robust when you're talking about a vessel that's going to contain liquid.

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I did an initial test print with RIGID 10K by Formlabs.

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It's got fantastic dimensional stability, it's chemical resistant, and heat resistant as well.

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So as we let this wash and cure, let's turn our focus back to the production PCBs.

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These turned out to be a whole lot more difficult than I was expecting.

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First, I actually needed to make two two-sided PCBs.

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One for the core memory and the drivers, and the other for the power, the logic, and the sense circuit.

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I really put my mill to the test on this one, and quite honestly, I know that there's going to be some repairs and some bodges needed afterwards too, but we're going to move forward.

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By this point, I've got my solder mask application down, but that still doesn't prevent me from screwing things up.

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They're all just learning opportunities.

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Right?

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Homebrew PCBs like this need rivets in the vias.

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There's no connections through the board unless you make them.

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So obviously my goal was to avoid using them as much as possible, but yeah, it's just unavoidable.

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I'm using Kapton tape on the back to avoid the rivets falling out while I try to solder them.

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is rated up to 260 degrees Celsius, and so it's more than capable of sitting on my hot plate while I solder the rivets in from the other side.

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Now that I have two PCBs, I need to tie them together using these stacking headers.

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80 pins total is way more than I need, but it also gives me an opportunity to simplify the design.

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After the soldering is complete, I clean them up with a little flux cleaner and some IPA and get ready to test the boards.

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Some of the solder joints need a little cleanup, but other than that, these are looking pretty good.

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I want to take a second to talk about old PCB design.

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Hobbyists have been using this method I'm about to show you to hand draw circuit boards since the 50s and 60s.

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The method is actually really straightforward.

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It just requires a pen, some copper blanks, and some ferric chloride.

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And how do you actually draw copper, you ask?

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Well, you mask it.

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You draw your design onto the copper using a pen or permanent marker, and then you just let it sit in ferric chloride.

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Ferric chloride is a copper etchant.

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It literally dissolves the copper.

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And you'd think that something that could dissolve copper would eat straight through a permanent marker.

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Well, luckily you'd be wrong.

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You let the copper clad fiberglass board sit in the etchin for a while and you'll start to see this black cloud.

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That is literally the copper being dissolved away from the fiberglass.

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Keep agitating it and it'll turn completely black.

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I left it in for 10 minutes, agitating every couple of minutes.

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Now, I know that this works, but I'd never done it before, and so this was kind of exciting for me too as a test.

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After the bath, I rinsed it with some clean water, and nothing really happened.

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But then after I hit it with some isopropyl alcohol, the ink ran off, leaving only the copper behind.

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Now I'd originally planned on using this technique for the boards, but they were far too complex for me to actually draw something out like this.

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I was also really surprised to see the detail.

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Comparing it to this other board from the 70s was really, really cool.

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I'm going to keep this technique in my back pocket, but for now, let's move on.

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As I said before, I knew there were going to be changes

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and bodge wires needed in order to make these boards work, so now's the time to find out just how many and where.

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I start with basic continuity.

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I run through the entire board and make sure that all of the things that should be connecting are connected, and some of them weren't.

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The good news is that the ones that weren't were either low voltage or logic, so they didn't need very big wires.

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Next, I exported the models from my PCB designer so

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that I could know exactly how I needed to change my enclosure in order to fit them.

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The good news is that it looks like the old enclosure can largely fit the board, I just need to make some small modifications.

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Rather than holding the boards from the side, because I have the edge connectors, I want to actually try to hold them from the middle now.

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Having the actual PCB models inside Shapr makes things incredibly easy.

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I can visually tweak and make sure

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that the holders aren't interfering with any of the components or the traces on the board.

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And after some test filament prints, it's time to go resin again.

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Now I get asked a lot whether I prefer FDM or prefer resin prints, and honestly, it's all about the project.

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I've had some incredible FDM prints that I've sanded and painted that look factory stock, but for resin, it's all about the material properties for me.

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For most of my functional prints, I do FDM, but when it comes to product prototyping and finished pieces like this?

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Well, let's put it this way.

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You can't print pure silicone with FDM yet.

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After the main enclosure is done, I print two pieces in silicone 40A.

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Now silicone is a different beast.

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You can't cross contaminate and it's got its own quirky post-processing steps.

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For example, using IPA in a sonic bath in order to wash it.

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Then they need to dry completely before curing.

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While that happens, we'll finish removing our supports and sanding down the main enclosure.

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Now Rigid 10K is glass filled, which means that you really need to use protective equipment when sanding.

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It's quite a bit of work, but it is absolutely worth it.

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Once the silicone pieces are dried, they need to be cured, but in a water bath.

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Then it's popped into the cure station to be heated to 60 degrees Celsius and 10 minutes of UV.

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And while that finishes up, I want to put in my acrylic windows.

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And you can see me screwing up here by using super glue to bond the acrylic to the case.

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That was a nice 10 hour detour to reprint the case and then just use the resin itself to set the windows.

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Now this rigid 10k is hard enough to where I'm able to tap directly into it.

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I then use a special silicone adhesive called SilPoxy to bond the foot and the top gasket to the case.

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I'll clean up the excess and put some weights on it while it cures.

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But this thing is coming together really nice.

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Now that the case is in good shape and we've repaired the boards,

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it's time to thread the cores.

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It's not lost on me that everything that we've done so far is in support of this.

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Creating this tight interwoven mesh of core memory is really what this project has been about.

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Now, I deliberately didn't read anything about how to do this.

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I do that sometimes.

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I give myself problems to solve that may have already been solved before, but I want to figure it out myself.

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I start out with oversized wires on the y-axis and then threading eight cores down all of them.

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And I'm checking the cores along the way because

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if one is damaged or broken then it's not going to work

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and I don't want to find out when I've already woven everything together.

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After that's done, I'll trim the Y wires to size and solder them down.

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Next, I take the top core from all of those stacks and thread through the X wire.

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Similar to the Y, I'll oversize it and then trim it and solder it at the end.

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Now I'm doing two things.

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I'm checking continuity, but I also want to make sure that I'm not bridging any wires.

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These wires are enamel-coded, and I want to make sure that I haven't scraped off any of that coating causing a short, because that would kill it too.

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Once the X's and Y's check out, I thread through the sense wire.

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The sense wire does just that.

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It's designed to sense the changing magnetic field of a bit that was 1 transitions to a 0, or a 0 that transitions to a 1.

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And when it's all done, there's something really beautiful and elegant about the design.

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So now after all that work, there's only one thing left to do.

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Let's put it all together and test it out.

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This is another one of those moments where I know in my head that silicone oil is not conductive,

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but pouring a liquid onto a live PCB just feels bad.

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But man does it look cool.

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Now, I know you're asking yourself, did I have to do this?

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And the answer is probably not.

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Now, core memory computers were actually heated back in the day to maintain their coercivity and thus their switching thresholds.

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But at room temperature and with this small number of cores, I could have probably gotten away with it.

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I just didn't want to.

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When I talk about my projects, I always say that it's not about the end result.

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It's about the journey, and I'm honest about that.

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I don't always show it in my videos, but my projects tend to take different turns and go down rabbit holes.

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After all, I usually pick things to work on that I've never done before, which carries a large amount of risk.

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But it teaches you.

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It teaches you to think quickly on your feet, to make sacrifices, to make other decisions, accept failures. But this one?

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This is an example of one that came out amazing.

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I had originally wanted to use LEDs to show the cores that were lit, but I thought this terminal interface was a lot more appropriate.

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It allows you to address each core directly, writing a 1 or a 0.

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And it arranges it all into 8 bytes or 8 characters.

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Now the ESP32 is doing some heavy lifting behind the scenes, but it exposes a USB drive with a single file called core.txt.

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And when you write characters to that file, well, it gets set inside those magnetic cores.

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And when I completely remove power and plug it back in, everything is still there.

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If you've ever been interested about how a 1 or a 0 translates to something that you can see on the screen,

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well, this is probably the purest way.

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And even after you've written characters to it,

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you can still address those individual cores directly and see how it changes the hex code and the characters.

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I can honestly say that this is as much fun as I've ever had messing around with 8 bytes.

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Ever.

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I gotta say, I've done a lot of cool projects before, but I'm not sure there's been one that's been quite so rewarding, even for something that can only store about eight text characters.

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And let's talk about just how small that is.

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This is a USB stick that can hold 128 gigs.

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It's not the biggest thing out there, but it's not small.

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That is 16 billion times the storage capacity of these 68 cores.

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So while core memory has a lot of great attributes, it kind of makes sense why computers used to be the size of entire rooms.

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And that's just the memory, not to mention the logic and components to access and utilize it.

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So I hope you enjoyed the video.

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If you made it this far, please like and subscribe and share and comment and all the things.

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It really does help YouTube decide to push my channel to a wider audience and helps me keep making videos like this.

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And before we go, I want to thank our sponsor, Boot.Dev, again for their support.

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And I'll see you in the next video.

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✨ अनुशंसित वीडियो

283 वाक्य

संदर्भ और पृष्ठभूमि

इस वीडियो में, वक्ता ने एक अनोखी कंप्यूटर मेमोरी बनाने की प्रक्रिया को साझा किया है। यह मेमोरी एक पुराने सोवियत कंप्यूटर से प्राप्त की गई है और इसे हाथ से तैयार किया गया है। यहाँ, वक्ता इस तकनीक के बारे में चर्चा कर रहा है, जो 60 साल पहले की है, और यह हमें यह सोचने पर मजबूर करती है कि कैसे ऐसे सरल उपकरण भी बेहद शक्तिशाली हो सकते हैं। यह चर्चा न केवल तकनीकी ज्ञान को बढ़ाती है, बल्कि यह अंग्रेजी बोलने के अभ्यास के लिए भी एक बेहतरीन संदर्भ प्रस्तुत करती है।

रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत के लिए शीर्ष 5 वाक्यांश

“यह बहुत कूल है।” - उपयोग करें जब आप किसी चीज़ की प्रशंसा करना चाहते हैं।
“मुझे समझ में आ रहा है।” - यह दर्शाता है कि आप बातचीत में शामिल हैं।
“आइए इस पर चर्चा करें।” - जब आप किसी विषय पर गहराई से बात करना चाहते हैं।
“यह एक दिलचस्प विचार है।” - किसी और की राय का सम्मान करने का एक तरीका।
“मुझे इसके बारे में और जानने की इच्छा है।” - यह दिखाता है कि आप सीखने के लिए तत्पर हैं।

चरण-दर-चरण शैडोइंग गाइड

इस वीडियो में बातचीत को समझने के लिए, शैडोइंग तकनीक का उपयोग करना बेहद फायदेमंद हो सकता है। अंग्रेजी बोलने का अभ्यास करने के लिए, आप इस प्रक्रिया का पालन कर सकते हैं:

वीडियो को ध्यान से सुनें और समझें कि वक्ता क्या कह रहा है।
पहले वाक्य को सुनें और फिर उसे दोहराएं। कोशिश करें कि आपकी उच्चारण और लय वक्ता के समान हो।
यदि कोई कठिन शब्द या वाक्यांश है, तो उसे कई बार सुनें और बोलने का प्रयास करें।
पूरे वीडियो को एक बार में पूरा करने के बजाय, छोटे भागों में अभ्यास करें। इससे आपके लिए सीखना आसान होगा।
अंत में, अपने बोलने के कौशल का मूल्यांकन करें। अपने रिकॉर्डिंग को सुनें और देखें कि आप कितने सटीकता से बोले हैं।

इस प्रकार, shadowspeaks का अभ्यास करते हुए, आप न केवल अंग्रेजी में धाराप्रवाह बनेंगे, बल्कि अपनी विश्वास के स्तर को भी बढ़ाएंगे। शैडोइंग से आप न केवल बोलने में, बल्कि सुनने और समझने में भी सुधार करेंगे।

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचना	वीडियो में
Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — पहले शुरू हुआ काम जो अब भी जारी है	I've been using · have been using
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है	I've had · we've repaired · we've done
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है	is flipped · is unmatched · is rated

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →

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शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?