शैडोइंग अभ्यास: (Oxford RnD - Level 3) Super Structures - YouTube के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
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Oxford Read and Discover Level 3 Superstructures Introduction A structure is something made with many parts,
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Oxford Read and Discover Level 3 Superstructures Introduction A structure is something made with many parts,
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like a house, a school, or a bridge.
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It can be made of different materials like bricks,
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concrete, glass, wood, or metal.
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A superstructure is very big,
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very long, or very tall.
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What structures can you see here?
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How many parts can you see?
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What are the structures made of?
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What other structures can you think of?
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Discover!
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Now read and discover more about superstructures.
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Chapter 1.
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Tunnels Tunnels go underwater, underground, or through the ground.
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we use tunnels for mines trains and road traffic or to carry things like gas or water
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tunnels are usually made of metal
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and concrete one of the longest tunnels in the world is the seikan tunnel in japan it's nearly 54 kilometers long.
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It goes between two islands.
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It was built because it's too dangerous to travel by boat.
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The tunnel is for trains,
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but now many people prefer to travel by plane.
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One of the longest road tunnels is the Lairdoll tunnel in Norway.
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The tunnel is nearly 25 kilometers long
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and it goes through a mountain it was built
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because there's too much snow on the mountain roads in winter
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discover in the tunnel there are three big caves where drivers can stop and rest
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chapter 2 bridges bridges go over water
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or over ground on a beam bridge the pillars carry the
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deck one of the longest beam bridges is the Lake poncher
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train causeway in the USA this bridge is about 38 kilometers long
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and it has over 9,000 concrete pillars it goes over water and carries road traffic
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on a suspension bridge the cables and towers carry the deck the anchorages hold the cables.
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Suspension bridges move a little when it's windy.
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This isn't usually a problem,
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but in 1940, the Tacoma Bridge in the USA collapsed in light winds.
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It was only four months old.
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Chapter 3 Skyscrapers When there isn't much ground,
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we can build tall buildings.
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Very tall buildings are called skyscrapers.
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The first skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building.
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It was built in Chicago,
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in the USA, in 1885.
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It was 42 meters tall.
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the tallest skyscrapers are now much taller than this the patronus
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twin towers in kuala lumpur in malaysia are the tallest twin
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buildings there is a bridge between the two towers called a sky bridge
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one of the tallest skyscrapers is the Burj Dubai it's in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates
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it's 818 meters tall that's nearly a kilometer it's made of a special strong concrete called
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reinforced concrete the Burj Dubai has apartments shops swimming pools hotels restaurants
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and a library it's like a very tall town do you like it discover
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The concrete in the Burjdebih weighs the same as about 100,000 elephants.
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Chapter 4 Dams Some of the biggest structures are dams.
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They hold back water and make a lake called a reservoir are dams supply water stop floods
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and they also make electricity gravity dams are made of a lot of concrete they are very big
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and heavy
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and this weight holds back the water the itaipu dam is a gravity dam it's in South America between Paraguay
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and Brazil it's 196 meters tall
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and nearly eight kilometers long arch dams are also made of concrete they are usually smaller than gravity dams
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and they are curved the curve holds back the water the moiri dam in switzerland is an arch dam
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it's 148 meters tall and 610 meters long discover
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the first dam was built more than 4 000 years ago in egypt it never worked
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because it fell down in heavy rain chapter 5 olympic
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structures there are many superstructures in beijing in china some of
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them were built for the olympics in 2008 terminal 3 of
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beijing capital international airport is one of the biggest airport terminals
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in the world the floor area is more than a square kilometer there are seven floors
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and two of the floors are underground discover
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red
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and gold are traditional colors for chinese buildings red is the
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chinese color for good luck the beijing national stadium is one of the biggest metal buildings it's red and gold
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it has 80,000 seats there were 11,000 extra seats for the
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Olympics it also has underground pipes to make it warm in winter
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and cool in summer sometimes it's called the bird's nest can you see why
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chapter 6 different shapes with new building materials people can build
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structures in many different shapes the o2 in London in the
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United Kingdom is a dome it was built for the millennium the year 2000.
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The roof is made of a special plastic and glass material.
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It's 365 meters wide, one meter for every day of the year.
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It has also 12 support towers,
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one tower for every month of the year in 2008 David
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Fisher designed the first rotating skyscraper it uses energy from the
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wind people want to build these rotating skyscrapers in Dubai
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and in Moscow discover each floor can rotate a full circle people can decide
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when to rotate their floor the skyscraper can be a different shape every day
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chapter 7 glass and ice most buildings are made of concrete bricks metal or wood
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some buildings use different materials biosphere 2 in arizona in the usa is made of glass and metal
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it's nearly as big as two
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and a half american football fields inside there's a rainforest an ocean a desert a farm
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and places for people to live and work it's a research center
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in a village in sweden near the arctic there is a hotel made of ice called ice hotel
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The hotel is open from December to April.
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It has 80 rooms.
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There are ice sculptures in the rooms.
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The beds, chairs, and tables are also made of ice.
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Even the drinking glasses are made of ice.
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Discover Every year, Ice Hotel is built again with new ice.
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Chapter 8 Amazing Places Did you know that people also build structures under the ocean and on ice?
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The Poseidon Undersea Resort in Fiji is a hotel 12 meters under the ocean.
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It's made of very strong metal and plastic.
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The windows are made of special clear plastic,
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so people can see fish and other ocean animals from the hotel.
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To get to the hotel, you travel by submarine.
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Hally 6 is a research station in the Antarctic.
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It's built on ice.
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The ice moves 400 meters every year,
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and the structure moves with it.
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Hally 6 is on skis so people can move it back to the right place.
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in the Antarctic is very difficult because of the very, very cold weather.
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Discover In the Antarctic, the wind speed can be 150 kilometers per hour.
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The temperature can be less than minus 50 degrees centigrade.
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Chapter 9
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structures in space there are also structures in space
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the International Space Station ISS is a research station it's
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about 350 kilometers above Earth it goes around Earth about 16
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times every day it travels at 27 700 kilometers per hour that's nearly eight kilometers per second discover
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you can see the iss from earth without a telescope
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the ISS is made of metal it uses energy from the
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Sun the first part of the ISS went into space in
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a rocket in 1998 no astronauts went with it most other parts went with astronauts sometimes
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astronauts do a spacewalk outside the ISS to attach new parts
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chapter 10 animal structures animals can build superstructures to termites
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build their homes with mud these homes are tall towers called
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termite mounds the The tallest termite mounds are about 13 meters high.
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They are termite skyscrapers.
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Discover.
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Termites are insects.
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The tallest termite mounds are thousands of termites tall.
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Wombats build underground tunnels called burrows.
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They dig with their front paws and bite through things with their teeth.
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A wombat can dig about two meters per hour.
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Beavers build dams on the water to protect themselves from other wild animals like bears.
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They build the dams with small trees, stones, and mud.
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Their dams can be a kilometer long.
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Thank you.
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